0001628280-23-005026 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

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Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Feb. 17, 2023	Jun. 30, 2022
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2022
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35416
Entity Registrant Name	U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	26-3718801
Entity Address, Address Line One	24275 Katy Freeway, Suite 600
Entity Address, City or Town	Katy
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	77494
City Area Code	281
Local Phone Number	258-2170
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	SLCA
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 811,859,083
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		76,120,988
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Certain sections of the Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders for U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. (the “2023 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated.
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2022
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Central Index Key	0001524741

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
Audit Information	Dec. 31, 2022
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	248
Auditor Name	GRANT THORNTON LLP
Auditor Location	Houston, Texas

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 280,845	$ 239,425
Accounts receivable, net	208,631	202,759
Inventories, net	147,626	115,713
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	20,182	18,018
Total current assets	657,284	575,915
Property, plant and mine development, net	1,178,834	1,258,646
Lease right-of-use assets	42,374	42,241
Goodwill	185,649	185,649
Intangible assets, net	140,809	150,054
Other assets	9,630	7,095
Total assets	2,214,580	2,219,600
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	216,239	167,670
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	19,773	14,469
Current portion of long-term debt	19,535	18,285
Current portion of deferred revenue	16,275	4,247
Income tax payable	128	1,200
Total current liabilities	271,950	205,871
Long-term debt, net	1,037,458	1,193,135
Deferred revenue	14,477	16,494
Liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	30,911	32,935
Deferred income taxes, net	64,636	44,774
Operating lease liabilities	64,478	75,130
Other long-term obligations	25,976	37,178
Total liabilities	1,509,886	1,605,517
Commitments and Contingencies (Note P)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; zero issued and outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021	0	0
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; 85,631,109 issued and 75,738,512 outstanding at December 31, 2022; 84,746,194 issued and 75,033,352 outstanding at December 31, 2021	854	845
Additional paid-in capital	1,234,834	1,218,575
Retained deficit	(351,084)	(429,260)
Treasury stock, at cost, 9,892,597 and 9,712,842 shares at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively	(186,196)	(186,294)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,723)	349
Total U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. stockholders’ equity	696,685	604,215
Non-controlling interest	8,009	9,868
Total stockholders' equity	704,694	614,083
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 2,214,580	$ 2,219,600

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock authorized (shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock issued (shares)	0	0
Preferred stock outstanding (shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock authorized (shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock issued (shares)	85,631,109	84,746,194
Common stock outstanding (shares)	75,738,512	75,033,352
Treasury stock, at cost (shares)	9,892,597	9,712,842

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Sales:
Total sales	$ 1,525,147	$ 1,103,879	$ 845,885
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization):
Total cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization)	1,070,189	794,983	575,070
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative	143,838	119,628	124,171
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	140,166	161,131	155,568
Goodwill and other asset impairments	0	202	110,688
Total operating expenses	284,004	280,961	390,427
Operating income (loss)	170,954	27,935	(119,612)
Other (expense) income:
Interest expense	(77,598)	(71,157)	(79,885)
Other income, net, including interest income	10,643	6,146	24,350
Total other expense	(66,955)	(65,011)	(55,535)
Income (loss) before income taxes	103,999	(37,076)	(175,147)
Income tax (expense) benefit	(26,159)	2,755	60,025
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$ 78,176	$ (33,761)	$ (114,094)
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 1.04	$ (0.45)	$ (1.55)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 1.01	$ (0.45)	$ (1.55)
Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic (shares)	75,512	74,350	73,634
Diluted (shares)	77,670	74,350	73,634
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0.02
Product
Sales:
Total sales	$ 1,139,773	$ 896,203	$ 732,187
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization):
Total cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization)	801,789	633,857	486,982
Service
Sales:
Total sales	385,374	207,676	113,698
Cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization):
Total cost of sales (excluding depreciation, depletion and amortization)	$ 268,400	$ 161,126	$ 88,088

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ 77,840	$ (34,321)	$ (115,122)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (net of tax of $(746), $0, and $973 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively)	(2,342)	0	3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment (net of tax of $(269), $(309), and $444 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustments (net of tax of $355, $3,131, and $2,207 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	1,115	9,828	6,931
Comprehensive income (loss)	75,768	(25,493)	(103,747)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$ 76,104	$ (24,933)	$ (102,719)

- Definition

Amount after tax of increase (decrease) in equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from net income and other comprehensive income. Excludes changes in equity resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners.

+ References + Details

- Definition

The consolidated profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, including the portion attributable to the noncontrolling interest.

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+ Details

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Tax expense (benefit) on unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	$ (746)	$ 0	$ 973
Tax expense (benefit) on foreign currency translation adjustment	(269)	(309)	444
Tax (expense) benefit on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustment	$ 355	$ 3,131	$ 2,207

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Total U.S. Silica Holdings Inc., Stockholders’ Equity	Common Stock	Treasury Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Retained Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income	Non-controlling Interest
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 716,580	$ 705,217	$ 823	$ (180,912)	$ 1,185,116	$ (279,956)	$ (19,854)	$ 11,363
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(115,122)	(114,094)				(114,094)		(1,028)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	3,053	3,053					3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	1,391	1,391					1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	6,931	6,931					6,931
Cash dividend declared	(1,446)	(1,446)				(1,446)
Contributions from non-controlling interest	1,196							1,196
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	14,911	14,911			14,911
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(703)	(703)	4	(703)	(4)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2020	626,791	615,260	827	(181,615)	1,200,023	(395,496)	(8,479)	11,531
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(34,321)	(33,761)				(33,761)		(560)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	0
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(1,000)	(1,000)					(1,000)
Pension and post-retirement liability	9,828	9,828					9,828
Cash dividend declared	(3)	(3)				(3)
Distributions to non-controlling interest	(1,103)							(1,103)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	18,809	18,809			18,809
Proceeds from options exercised	105	105		344	(239)
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(5,023)	(5,023)	18	(5,023)	(18)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	614,083	604,215	845	(186,294)	1,218,575	(429,260)	349	9,868
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	77,840	78,176				78,176		(336)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)	(2,342)					(2,342)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(845)					(845)
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	1,115					1,115
Cash dividend declared	0	0				0
Distributions to non-controlling interest	(1,523)							(1,523)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,364			18,364
Proceeds from options exercised	955	955		3,051	(2,096)
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(2,953)	9	(2,953)	(9)
Ending Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 704,694	$ 696,685	$ 854	$ (186,196)	$ 1,234,834	$ (351,084)	$ (1,723)	$ 8,009

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Cash dividend declared (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0.02

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 77,840	$ (34,321)	$ (115,122)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	140,166	161,131	155,568
Goodwill and other asset impairments	0	202	110,688
Debt issuance amortization	4,815	5,059	5,131
Original issue discount amortization	974	1,026	1,036
Gain on valuation change of royalty note payable	0	0	(8,263)
Deferred income taxes	20,940	(7,493)	(61,805)
Deferred revenue	(15,801)	(18,158)	(23,569)
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment	(1,005)	(131)	(2,597)
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Allowance for credit losses, net of recoveries	617	(455)	1,510
Gain on remeasurement of leases	0	0	(24,056)
Other	11,959	28,632	23,146
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:
Accounts receivable	(8,075)	5,026	48,441
Inventories	(31,209)	(11,029)	15,245
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	6,277	12,371	980
Income taxes	(1,072)	1,828	(153)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	67,576	48,709	(86,734)
Operating lease liabilities	(22,410)	(24,451)	(62,140)
Liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	(2,134)	(15,341)	(11,941)
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities	(5,106)	(2,067)	16,321
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	262,716	169,347	(3,403)
Investing activities:
Capital expenditures	(53,168)	(30,307)	(34,461)
Capitalized intellectual property costs	(394)	(210)	(456)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment	2,609	661	7,353
Net cash used in investing activities	(50,953)	(29,856)	(27,564)
Financing activities:
Dividends paid	(164)	(26)	(6,185)
Proceeds from options exercised	955	105	0
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
(Payments on) proceeds from draw down on the Revolver	0	(25,000)	25,000
Payments on short-term debt	(7,237)	(6,398)	(7,131)
Payments on long-term debt	(158,064)	(12,800)	(15,985)
Distributions to (contributions from) non-controlling interest	(1,523)	(1,103)	1,196
Principal payments on finance lease obligations	(1,357)	(741)	(45)
Net cash used in financing activities	(170,343)	(50,986)	(3,853)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	41,420	88,505	(34,820)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	239,425	150,920	185,740
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	280,845	239,425	150,920
Cash paid (received) during the period for:
Interest	71,235	64,650	73,695
Taxes, net of refunds	(14,809)	(12,994)	(39,908)
Non-cash Items:
Net assets assumed in business acquisition	0	68	8,241
Accrued capital expenditures	$ 6,175	$ 1,196	$ 26,136

Organization	12 Months Ended
Organization	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
ORGANIZATION	NOTE A—ORGANIZATION U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. (“Holdings,” and together with its subsidiaries “we,” “us” or the “Company”) is a global performance materials company and a leading producer of commercial silica used in the oil and gas industry and in a wide range of industrial applications. In addition, through our subsidiary EP Minerals, LLC ("EPM") we are an industry leader in the production of industrial minerals, including diatomaceous earth, clay (calcium bentonite and calcium montmorillonite) and perlite. During our 123-year history, we have developed core competencies in mining, processing, logistics and materials science that enable us to produce and cost-effectively deliver products to customers across our end markets. Our operations are organized into two reportable segments based on end markets served: (1) Oil & Gas Proppants and (2) Industrial & Specialty Products. See Note V - Segment Reporting for more information on our reportable segments.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES	NOTE B—SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements have been included. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. Throughout this report we refer to (i) our Consolidated Balance Sheets as our “Balance Sheets,” (ii) our Consolidated Statements of Operations as our “Income Statements,” and (iii) our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as our “Cash Flows.” Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Holdings and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Reclassifications Certain reclassifications of prior period presentations have been made to conform to the current period presentation. Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions relate to the purchase price allocation for businesses acquired; mineral reserves that are the basis for future cash flow estimates utilized in impairment calculations and units-of-production amortization calculations; environmental, reclamation and closure obligations; estimates of recoverable minerals; estimates of allowance for credit losses; estimates of fair value for certain reporting units and asset impairments (including impairments of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets); write-downs of inventory to net realizable value; equity-based compensation expense; post-employment, post-retirement and other employee benefit liabilities; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets; contingent considerations; reserves for contingencies and litigation and the fair value and accounting treatment of financial instruments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Because of the short maturity of these investments, the carrying amounts approximate their fair value. Cash and cash equivalents are invested primarily in money market securities held by financial institutions with high credit ratings. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Cash balances at times may exceed federally-insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash. Accounts Receivable The majority of our accounts receivable are due from companies in the oil and natural gas drilling, building and construction products, filler and extenders, filtration, glass, absorbents, sports and recreation, foundry and other major industries. Credit is extended based on evaluation of a customer’s financial condition and, generally, collateral is not required. Accounts receivable are stated at amounts due from customers net of allowance for credit losses. Accounts outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due. We determine our allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due, our previous loss history, the customer’s current ability to pay its obligation to us and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. Ongoing credit evaluations are performed. We write-off accounts receivable when they are deemed uncollectible, and payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited to the allowance for credit losses. See Note F - Accounts Receivable and Note T - Revenue. Inventories Inventories include raw stockpiles, in-process product and finished product available for shipment, as well as spare parts and supplies for routine facility maintenance. We value inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out and average cost methods. Our inventoriable costs include production costs and transportation and additional service costs as applicable. See Note G - Inventories. Property, Plant and Mine Development Plant and equipment Plant and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Interest incurred during construction of facilities is capitalized and depreciated over the life of the asset. Costs for normal repairs and maintenance that do not extend economic life or improve service potential are expensed as incurred. Costs of improvements that extend economic life or improve service potential are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives as follows: buildings (15 years); land improvements (10 years); machinery and equipment, including computer equipment and software (3-10 years); furniture and fixtures (8 years). Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the asset life or lease term. Construction-in-progress is primarily comprised of machinery and equipment which have not yet been placed in service. Mining property and development Mining property and development includes mineral deposits and mine exploration and development. Mineral deposits are initially recognized at cost, which approximates the estimated fair value on the date of purchase. Mine exploration and development costs include engineering and mineral studies, drilling and other related costs to delineate an ore body, and the removal of overburden to initially expose an ore body for production. Costs incurred before mineralization are classified as proven and probable reserves are expensed and classified as exploration or advanced projects, research and development expense. Capitalization of mine development project costs, which meet the definition of an asset, begins once mineralization is classified as proven and probable reserves. The cost of removing overburden and waste materials to access the ore body at an open pit mine prior to the production phase are referred to as “pre-stripping costs.” Pre-stripping costs are capitalized during the development of an open pit mine. The production phase of an open pit mine commences when saleable minerals, beyond a de minimis amount, are produced. Stripping costs incurred during the production phase of a mine are variable production costs that are included as a component of inventory to be recognized in costs applicable to sales in the same period as the revenue from the sale of inventory. Depletion and amortization of mineral deposits and mine development costs are recorded as the minerals are extracted, based on units of production and engineering estimates of mineable reserves. The impact of revisions to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis. See Note H - Property, Plant and Mine Development. Mine reclamation costs and asset retirement obligations We recognize the fair value of any liability for conditional asset retirement obligations, if sufficient information exists to reasonably estimate the fair value of the liability. These obligations include environmental remediation liabilities when incurred, which is generally upon acquisition, construction or development and/or through the normal operation of the asset. These obligations also generally include the estimated net future costs of dismantling, restoring and reclaiming operating mines and related mine sites in accordance with federal, state, local regulatory and land lease agreement requirements. The liability is accreted over time through periodic charges to earnings. In addition, the asset retirement cost is capitalized as part of the asset’s carrying value and amortized over the life of the related asset. Reclamation costs are periodically adjusted to reflect changes in the estimated present value resulting from the passage of time and revisions to the estimates of either the timing or amount of the reclamation and abandonment costs. The reclamation obligation is based on when spending for an existing environmental disturbance will occur. If the asset retirement obligation is settled for other than the carrying amount of the liability, a gain or loss is recognized on settlement. We review, on an annual basis, unless otherwise deemed necessary, the reclamation obligation at each mine site in accordance with ASC guidance for accounting for reclamation obligations. See Note L - Asset Retirement Obligations. Impairment or Disposal of Property, Plant and Mine Development We periodically evaluate whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our property, plant and equipment assets may not be recoverable. If circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we estimate future undiscounted net cash flows using estimates of proven and probable sand reserves, estimated future sales prices (considering historical and current prices, price trends and related factors) and operating costs and anticipated capital expenditures. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets. The recoverability of the carrying value of our mineral properties is dependent upon the successful development, start-up and commercial production of our mineral deposit and the related processing facilities. Our evaluation of mineral properties for potential impairment primarily includes assessing the existence or availability of required permits and evaluating changes in our mineral reserves, or the underlying estimates and assumptions, including estimated production costs. Assessing the economic feasibility requires certain estimates including the prices of products to be produced and processing recovery rates, as well as operating and capital costs. Gains on the sale of property, plant and mine development are included in income when the assets are disposed of provided there is more than reasonable certainty of the collectability of the sales price and any future activities required to be performed by us relating to the disposal of the assets are complete or insignificant. Upon retirement or disposal of assets, all costs and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are written-off. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and Related Impairment Our intangible assets consist of goodwill, which is not amortized, indefinite-lived intangibles, which consist of certain trade names that are not subject to amortization, intellectual property and customer relationships. Intellectual property mainly consists of patents and technology, and it is amortized on a straight-line basis over an average useful life of 15 years. Customer relationships are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life of 13 - 20 years. Intangible assets that are amortized are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of business combinations over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill and trade names are reviewed for impairment annually as of October 31, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. An impairment exists if the fair value of a reporting unit to which goodwill has been allocated, or the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, is less than their respective carrying values. Prior to conducting a formal impairment test, we have an option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that is more likely than not (more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Such qualitative factors may include the following: macroeconomic conditions; industry and market considerations; cost factors; overall financial performance; and other relevant entity-specific events. If the qualitative assessment determines that an impairment is more likely than not, or if we choose to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. A trade name is a legally protected trade or similar mark. Acquired trade names are valued using an income method approach, generally the relief-from-royalty valuation method. The method uses a royalty rate based on comparable marketplace royalty agreements for similar types of trade names and applies it to the after-tax discounted free cash flow attributed to the trade name. The discount rate used is based on an estimated weighted average cost of capital and the anticipated risk for intangible assets. The valued trade names have an indefinite life based on our plans and expectations for the trade names going forward and are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Intellectual property and technology (“IP”) is a design, work or invention that is the result of creativity to which one has ownership rights that may be protected through a patent, copyright, trademark or service mark. IP is valued using the relief-from-royalty valuation method. The method uses a royalty rate based on comparable marketplace royalty agreements for similar types of IP and applies it to the after-tax discounted free cash flow attributed to the IP. The discount rate used is based on an estimated weighted average cost of capital and the anticipated risk for intangible assets. The IP is amortized following the pattern in which the expected benefits will be consumed or otherwise used up over each component’s useful life, based on our plans and expectations for the IP going forward, which is generally the underlying IP’s legal expiration dates. IP is reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Customer relationships are intangible assets that consist of historical and factual information about customers and contacts collected from repeat transactions with customers, with or without any underlying contracts. The information is generally organized as customer lists or customer databases. We have the expectation of repeat patronage from these customers based on the customers’ historical purchase activity, which creates the intrinsic value over a finite period of time and translates into the expectation of future revenue, income, and cash flow. Customer relationships are valued using projected operating income, adjusted for estimated future existing customer growth less estimated future customer attrition, net of charges for net tangible assets, IP charge, trade name charge and work force. The concluded value is the after-tax discounted free cash flow. Customer relationships are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. See Note I - Goodwill and Intangible Assets. Leases We lease railroad cars, office space, mining property, mining/processing equipment, and transportation and other equipment. Operating leases are included in lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in lease right-of-use assets, current portion of long-term debt, and long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before the commencement date of the lease and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, the latter of which are generally accounted for separately. See Note R - Leases. We periodically evaluate whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our ROU assets exceeds fair value. If circumstances indicate an impairment exists, we estimate fair value primarily utilizing internally developed cash flow models and quoted market prices, discounted at an appropriate weighted average cost of capital. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets. Revenue Recognition Products We derive our product sales by mining and processing minerals that our customers purchase for various uses. Our product sales are primarily a function of the price per ton and the number of tons sold. We primarily sell our products through individual purchase orders executed under short-term price agreements or at prevailing market rates. The amount invoiced reflects product, transportation and additional handling services as applicable, such as storage, transloading the product from railcars to trucks and last mile logistics to the customer site. We invoice most of our product customers on a per shipment basis, although for some larger customers, we consolidate invoices weekly or monthly. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. We recognize revenue for products and materials at a point in time following the transfer of control of such items to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. We account for shipping and handling activities related to product and material sales contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products pursuant to the accounting policy election allowed under ASC 606-10-25-18b. Accordingly, we record amounts billed for shipping and handling costs as a component of net sales and accrue and classify related costs as a component of cost of sales at the time revenue is recognized. For a limited number of customers, we sell under long-term, minimum purchase supply agreements. These agreements define, among other commitments, the volume of product that our customers must purchase, the volume of product that we must provide and the price that we will charge and that our customers will pay for each product. Prices under these agreements are generally fixed and subject to certain contractual adjustments. Sometimes these agreements may undergo negotiations regarding pricing and volume requirements, which may often occur in volatile market conditions. While these negotiations continue, we may deliver product at prices or at volumes below the requirements in our existing supply agreements. An executed order specifying the type and quantity of product to be delivered, in combination with the noted agreements, comprise our contracts in these arrangements. Service We derive our service revenues primarily through the provision of transportation, equipment rental, and contract labor services to companies in the oil and gas industry. Transportation services typically consist of transporting customer proppant from storage facilities to proximal well-sites and are contracted through work orders executed under established pricing agreements. The amount invoiced reflects the transportation services rendered. Equipment rental services provide customers with use of either dedicated or nonspecific wellhead proppant delivery equipment solutions for contractual periods defined either through formal lease agreements or executed work orders under established pricing agreements. The amounts invoiced reflect the length of time the equipment set was utilized in the billing period. Contract labor services provide customers with proppant delivery equipment operators through work orders executed under established pricing agreements. The amounts invoiced reflect the amount of time our labor services were utilized in the billing period. We typically invoice our customers on a weekly or monthly basis; however, some customers receive invoices upon well-site operation completion. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. We typically recognize revenue for specific, dedicated equipment set rental arrangements under ASC 842, Leases. For the remaining components of service revenue, we have applied the practical expedient allowed under ASC 606-10-55-18 to recognize transportation revenues in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice. Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations From time to time, we may enter into contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, such as work orders containing a combination of product, transportation, equipment rentals, and contract labor services. For these arrangements, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product or service is transferred to the customer, in satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligations. We typically invoice our customers on a weekly or monthly basis; however, some customers received invoices upon well-site operation completion. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities. We exclude from our measurement of transaction prices all taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers. Accordingly, such tax amounts are not included as a component of net sales or cost of sales. See Note T - Revenue. Deferred Revenues For a limited number of customers, we enter into supply agreements which give customers the right to make advanced payments toward the purchase of certain products at specified volumes over an average initial period of one to fifteen years. These payments represent consideration that is unconditional and for which we have yet to transfer the related product. These payments are recorded as contract liabilities referred to as “deferred revenues” upon receipt and recognized as revenue upon delivery of the related product. Unbilled Receivables Revenues recognized in advance of invoice issuance create assets referred to as “unbilled receivables.” Any portion of our unbilled receivables for which our right to consideration is conditional on a factor other than the passage of time is considered a contract asset. These assets are presented on a combined basis with accounts receivable and are converted to accounts receivable once billed. Debt Issuance Costs We defer costs directly associated with acquiring third-party financing, primarily loan origination costs and related professional expenses. Debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized using the effective interest rate method over the term of our senior secured Term Loan facility and the straight-line method for our Revolver facility. Debt issuance costs related to long-term debt are reflected as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt. Amortization included in interest expense was $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and $5.1 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. See Note K - Debt. Employee Benefit Plans We provide a range of benefits to our employees and retired employees, including pensions and post-retirement healthcare and life insurance benefits. We record annual amounts relating to these plans based on calculations specified by generally accepted accounting principles, which include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of returns, compensation increases, turnover rates, mortality tables, and healthcare cost trend rates. We review the actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is deemed appropriate to do so. As required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, the effect of the modifications is generally recorded or amortized over future periods. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under the plans are reasonable based on advice from our actuaries and information as to assumptions used by other employers. See Note Q - Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits. Environmental Costs Environmental costs, other than qualifying capital expenditures, are accrued at the time the exposure becomes known and costs can be reasonably estimated. Costs are accrued based upon management’s estimates of all direct costs, after taking into account expected reimbursement by third parties (primarily the sellers of acquired businesses) and are reviewed by outside consultants. Environmental costs are charged to expense unless a settlement with an indemnifying party has been reached. Self-Insurance We are self-insured for various levels of employee health insurance coverage, workers’ compensation and third-party product liability claims alleging occupational disease. We purchase insurance coverage for claim amounts which exceed our self-insured retentions. Depending on the type of insurance, these self-insured retentions range from $0.1 million to $0.5 million per occurrence. Our insurance reserves are accrued based on estimates of the ultimate cost of claims expected to occur during the covered period. These estimates are prepared with the assistance of outside actuaries and consultants. Our actuaries periodically review the volume and amount of claims activity, and based upon their findings, we adjust our insurance reserves accordingly. The ultimate cost of claims for a covered period may differ from our original estimates. The current portion of our self-insurance reserves is included in accrued liabilities and the non-current portion is included in other long-term obligations in our Balance Sheets. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, our self-insurance reserves totaled $5.6 million and $5.8 million, respectively, of which $1.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively, were classified as current. Research and Development Costs We may incur immaterial internal research and development (“R&D”) expenditures, and research and development conducted for others, all of which are expensed as incurred, and included in selling, general and administrative expense. R&D costs may include, but are not limited to, research and administrative salaries, contractor fees, building costs, utilities, administrative expenses, and allocations of corporate costs. Advertising Costs We recognize advertising expense when incurred as selling, general and administrative expense. Advertising costs have not been a significant component of expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, or 2020. Equity-based Compensation We grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance share units to certain of our employees and directors under the Amended and Restated U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan. We recognize the cost of employee services rendered in exchange for awards of equity instruments. Vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the individual continuing to render service over a pre-defined vesting schedule, generally three years. Cash dividend equivalents are accrued and paid to the holders of time-based restricted stock units and restricted stock. The fair value of the restricted stock awards is equal to the market price of our stock at date of grant. The restricted award-related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We grant performance share units to certain employees in which the number of shares of common stock ultimately received is determined based on achievement of certain performance thresholds over a specified performance period (generally three years) in accordance with the stock award agreement. Cash dividend equivalents are not accrued or paid on performance share units. We recognize expense based on the estimated vesting of our performance share units granted and the grant date market price. The estimated vesting of the performance share units is principally based on the probability of achieving certain financial performance levels during the vesting periods. In the period it becomes probable that the minimum performance criteria specified in the award agreement will be achieved, we recognize expense for the proportionate share of the total fair value of the award related to the vesting period that has already lapsed. The remaining fair value of the award is expensed on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period. We grant certain employees performance share units, the vesting of which is based on our total shareholder return (“TSR”) ranking among a peer group over a three-year period. The number of units that will vest will depend on the percentage ranking of our TSR compared to the TSRs for each of the companies in the peer group over the performance period. For these awards subject to market conditions, a binomial-lattice model (i.e., Monte Carlo simulation model) is used to fair value these awards at grant date. We also grant certain employees performance share units, the vesting of which is based on adjusted free cash flow ("ACF") targets. The number of ACF measured units that will vest will be based on ACF achievement versus target. The ACF targets are set annually and are approved by the Board of Directors. The related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. See Note O - Equity-based Compensation. Income Taxes Deferred taxes are recognized on the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. This approach requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the expenses are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We recognize a tax benefit associated with an uncertain tax position when, in management’s judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, we initially and subsequently measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that we judge to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law developments and new or emerging legislation. Such adjustments are recognized entirely in the period in which they are identified. The effective tax rate includes the net impact of changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and subsequent adjustments as considered appropriate by management. See Note S - Income Taxes. Foreign Currency Translation For our operations in countries where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, balance sheet amounts are translated using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Income statement amounts are translated monthly using the average exchange rate for the respective month. The gains and losses resulting from the changes in exchange rates from year-to-year are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss as currency translation adjustments, net of tax. Any gains or losses on transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense), net, including interest income. Comprehensive Income (loss) In addition to net income (loss), comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in equity during a period, such as adjustments to minimum pension liabilities and the effective portion of changes in fair value of derivative instruments that qualify as cash flow hedges. Business Combinations We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets, including separately identifiable intangible assets and any assumed liabilities, are recorded at their acquisition date estimated fair value. The excess of purchase price over the fair value amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents the goodwill amount resulting from the acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions. See Note E - Business Combinations. New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted None. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting followed by ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, issued in January 2021, to provide clarifying guidance regarding the scope of Topic 848. ASU 2020-04 was issued to provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. Generally, the guidance is to be applied as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 are effective for all entities through December 31, 2022. In April 2022, the FASB proposed to extend the effective date through December 31, 2024 and affirmed this decision in December 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we have not elected to use the optional guidance and continue to evaluate the options provided by ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01. See Note K - Debt for discussion of the use of the adjusted LIBOR rate in connection with borrowings under our senior secured revolving credit facility.

Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

EARNINGS PER SHARE

NOTE C—EARNINGS PER SHARE

Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per common share is computed similarly to basic earnings per common share except that the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potentially dilutive common shares had been issued.

The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:


In thousands, except per share amounts	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding	75,512		74,350		73,634
Diluted effect of stock awards	2,158		—		—
Weighted average shares outstanding assuming dilution	77,670		74,350		73,634

Earnings (loss) per share attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.:
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	1.04	$	(0.45)	$	(1.55)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	1.01	$	(0.45)	$	(1.55)

Potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding and diluted earnings per share if we are in a loss position. Certain stock options, restricted stock awards and performance share units were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Such potentially dilutive shares and stock awards (in thousands) excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share were as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021	2020
Potentially dilutive shares excluded	—	1,714	238
Stock options excluded	509	667	826
Restricted stock and performance share units awards excluded	36	66	3,435

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

NOTE D—ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of fair value adjustments associated with cash flow hedges, accumulated adjustments for net experience gains or losses and prior service cost related to employee benefit plans and foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax. The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component (in thousands):


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges		Foreign currency translation adjustments		Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability		Total
Beginning Balance	$	—	$	(417)	$	766	$	349
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(2,342)		(845)		1,172		(2,015)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		—		(57)		(57)
Ending Balance	$	(2,342)	$	(1,262)	$	1,881	$	(1,723)

Any amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to pension and other post-retirement benefits are included in the computation of net periodic benefit costs at their pre-tax amounts.

Business Combinations	12 Months Ended
Business Combinations	Dec. 31, 2022
Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]
BUSINESS COMBINATIONS	NOTE E—BUSINESS COMBINATIONS During the first quarter of 2020, we settled multiple intellectual property and contractual lawsuits involving our SandBox Logistics unit and Arrows Up, LLC. As part of the settlement, SandBox Logistics took control of Arrows Up's existing business, including all equipment and sand logistics contracts, while also receiving a cash payment. We accounted for the acquisition of Arrows Up, LLC under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Estimates of fair value included in the Consolidated Financial Statements represented our best estimates and valuations. In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the fair values were subject to adjustment until we completed our analysis, which was during the first quarter of 2021. This business combination resulted in a bargain purchase pursuant to ASC 805-30-25 because no consideration was paid for the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The fair value of assets acquired, which included cash, accounts receivable, inventories, lease right-of-use assets, and property plant, and equipment, was $20.1 million. The fair value of liabilities assumed, which included lease liabilities and other long-term liabilities, was $2.5 million. A gain on bargain purchase of $17.6 million was recorded in "Other income, net, including interest income" in the Consolidated Statement of Operations. During the first quarter of 2021, we recorded a $0.1 million increase to accounts receivable, which was our final adjustment to the purchase price. The total adjustments during the measurement period of $2.4 million were recorded as a net decrease to the initial gain on bargain purchase and recorded in "Other (expense) income, net, including interest income" in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Accounts Receivable

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

NOTE F—ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Trade receivables	$	209,683	$	182,992
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(5,691)		(5,248)
Net trade receivables	203,992		177,744
Other receivables(1)	4,639		25,015
Total accounts receivable	$	208,631	$	202,759


(1)At December 31, 2022 and 2021, other receivables included zero and $21.5 million of refunds related to NOL carryback claims filed for various tax years in accordance with certain provisions of the CARES Act.

We classify our trade receivables into the following portfolio segments: Oil & Gas Proppants and Industrial & Specialty Products, which also aligns with our reporting segments. We estimate the allowance for credit losses based on historical collection trends, the age of outstanding receivables, risks attributable to specific customers, such as credit history, bankruptcy or other going concern issues, and current economic and industry conditions. If events or circumstances indicate that specific receivable balances may be impaired, further consideration is given to the collectability of those balances and the allowance is adjusted accordingly. Past due balances are written off when we have exhausted our internal and external collection efforts and have been unsuccessful in collecting the amount due.

The following table reflects the change of the allowance for credit losses (in thousands) disaggregated by portfolio segments:


	Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021	$	4,625	$	623	$	5,248
Allowance for credit losses	(469)		1,086		617
Write-offs	(128)		(46)		(174)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	$	4,028	$	1,663	$	5,691

Our ten largest customers accounted for approximately 40%, 40% and 34% of total sales during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our total sales during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, none of our customers' accounts receivable represented 10% or more of our total trade accounts receivable.

Inventories

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

INVENTORIES

NOTE G—INVENTORIES

Inventories (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Supplies	$	54,805	$	45,605
Raw materials and work in process	47,042		36,529
Finished goods	45,779		33,579
Total inventories	$	147,626	$	115,713

Property, Plant and Mine Development

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

PROPERTY, PLANT AND MINE DEVELOPMENT

NOTE H—PROPERTY, PLANT AND MINE DEVELOPMENT

Property, plant and mine development (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Mining property and mine development	$	789,601	$	789,122
Asset retirement cost	8,869		22,283
Land	53,128		55,541
Land improvements	76,456		76,248
Buildings	73,151		72,207
Machinery and equipment	1,217,933		1,189,548
Furniture and fixtures	3,922		3,932
Construction-in-progress	55,696		35,060
	2,278,756		2,243,941
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment charges	(1,099,922)		(985,295)
Total property, plant and mine development, net	$	1,178,834	$	1,258,646

Depreciation, depletion, and amortization expense related to property, plant and mine development for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $128.4 million and $149.6 million, respectively.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

NOTE I—GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in thousands) by business segment consisted of the following:


	Oil & Gas Proppants Segment		Industrial & Specialty Products Segment		Total
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	—	$	185,649	$	185,649

Impairment losses	—		—		—

Balance at December 31, 2021	—		185,649		185,649

Impairment losses	—		—		—
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—	$	185,649	$	185,649

Goodwill and trade names are evaluated for impairment annually as of October 31, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. We evaluated events and circumstances since the date of our last qualitative assessment, including macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, and our overall financial performance. There were no triggering events identified, therefore, no impairment charges were recorded related to goodwill or trade names for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net

Technology and intellectual property	$	71,651	$	(29,990)	$	—	$	41,661	$	71,209	$	(25,069)	$	(38)	$	46,102
Customer relationships	66,999		(32,791)		—		34,208		66,999		(27,987)		—		39,012
Total definite-lived intangible assets:	$	138,650	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	75,869	$	138,208	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	85,114
Trade names	64,240		—		—		64,240		64,240		—		—		64,240
Other	700		—		—		700		700		—		—		700
Total intangible assets:	$	203,590	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	140,809	$	203,148	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	150,054

Estimated useful life of technology and intellectual property is 15 years. Estimated useful life of customer relationships is a range of 13 - 20 years.

Amortization expense was $9.7 million, $9.7 million and $10.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

At December 31, 2022, the estimated amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets (in thousands) for the five succeeding years is as follows:


2023	$	9,696
2024	$	9,698
2025	$	9,696
2026	$	9,696
2027	$	9,696

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

NOTE J—ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2022		2021
Trade payables	$	182,555	$	134,494
Accrued salaries and wages	10,911		11,347
Accrued vacation liability	3,093		2,847
Current portion of liability for pension and post-retirement benefits	1,118		1,227
Accrued healthcare liability	1,492		1,619
Accrued property taxes and sales taxes	4,287		4,625

Current portion of derivative liability	2,312		—
Other accrued liabilities	10,471		11,511
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	216,239	$	167,670

Other accrued liabilities consist of employer related expenses, royalties payable, accrued interest payable, and other items.

Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

DEBT

NOTE K—DEBT

Debt (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Senior secured credit facility:
Revolver expiring May 1, 2023 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 4.13% at December 31, 2021)	$	—	$	—
Term Loan facility—final maturity May 1, 2025 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 5.00% December 31, 2021)	1,059,062		1,222,000
Less: Unamortized original issue discount	(2,035)		(3,350)
Less: Unamortized debt issuance cost	(8,922)		(15,200)
Insurance financing notes payable	5,628		4,424
Finance leases	3,260		3,546
Total debt	1,056,993		1,211,420
Less: current portion	(19,535)		(18,285)
Total long-term portion of debt	$	1,037,458	$	1,193,135

Senior Secured Credit Facility

On May 1, 2018, we entered into a Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which increased our existing senior debt by entering into a new $1.380 billion senior secured Credit Facility, consisting of a $1.280 billion term loan (the "Term Loan") and a $100 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") (collectively the "Credit Facility") that may also be used for swingline loans or letters of credit, and we may elect to increase the term loan in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at variable rates as determined at our election, at LIBOR or a base rate, in each case, plus an applicable margin. In addition, under the Credit Agreement, we are required to pay a per annum facility fee and fees for letters of credit. The Credit Agreement is secured by substantially all of our assets and of our domestic subsidiaries' assets and a pledge of the equity interests in such entities. The Term Loan matures on May 1, 2025, and the Revolver expires on May 1, 2023. We capitalized $38.7 million in debt issuance costs and original issue discount as a result of the new Credit Agreement.

The Credit Agreement contains covenants that, among other things, limit our ability, and certain of our subsidiaries' abilities, to create, incur or assume indebtedness and liens, to make acquisitions or investments, to sell assets and to pay dividends. The Credit Agreement also requires us to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio of no more than 3.75:1.00 as of the last day of any fiscal quarter whenever usage of the Revolver (other than certain undrawn letters of credit) exceeds 30% of the Revolver commitment. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. The Credit Agreement includes events of default and other affirmative and negative covenants that are usual for facilities and transactions of this type. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we were in compliance with all covenants in accordance with our senior secured Credit Facility.

Term Loan

At December 31, 2022, contractual maturities of our senior secured Credit Facility (in thousands) are as follows:


2023	$	12,800
2024	12,800
2025	1,033,462
2026	—
2027	—
Thereafter	—
Total	$	1,059,062

Revolving Line-of-Credit

We have a $100.0 million Revolver with zero drawn and $21.5 million allocated for letters of credit as of December 31, 2022, leaving $78.5 million available under the Revolver.

Based on our consolidated leverage ratio of 2.99:1.00 as of December 31, 2022, we have access to the full availability of the Revolver. If our consolidated leverage ratio exceeds 3.75:1.00, we may draw up to $30.0 million without the consent of our lenders.

Debt Repurchases

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased outstanding debt under the Term Loan in the amount of $100 million discounted at a rate of 97%. A proportionate share of debt issuance and original discount costs were written off in conjunction with this repurchase which resulted in additional expense of approximately $1.2 million. As a result, we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt in the amount of $1.7 million. The gain on extinguishment was recorded in Other income, net, including interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

During the three months ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased outstanding debt under the Term Loan in the amount of $50 million discounted at a rate of 96.25%. A proportionate share of debt issuance and original discount costs were written off in conjunction with this repurchase which resulted in additional expense of approximately $0.6 million. As a result, we recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt in the amount of $1.2 million. The gain on extinguishment was recorded in Other income, net, including interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Note Payable Secured by Royalty Interest

In conjunction with the acquisition of New Birmingham, Inc. in August 2016, we assumed a note payable secured by a royalty interest. During the fourth quarter of 2020, we executed an amendment to the note payable which settled the outstanding balance in its entirety in exchange for a one-time payment of $2.55 million. Future royalties may be owed under this amended agreement if we resume production at our Tyler facility, however, we have no plans to resume production. Therefore, no amounts have been accrued. The settlement of the note payable resulted in a gain of $8.3 million which was recorded in Other income, net, including interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Insurance Financing Notes Payable

During the third quarter of 2022, we renewed our insurance policies and financed the payments through notes payable with a stated interest rate of 6.0%. These payments will be made in installments throughout a nine-month period and, as such, were classified as current debt. As of December 31, 2022, the notes payable had a balance of $5.6 million.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for information about short-term and long-term debt arrangements, which includes amounts of borrowings under each line of credit, note payable, commercial paper issue, bonds indenture, debenture issue, own-share lending arrangements and any other contractual agreement to repay funds, and about the underlying arrangements, rationale for a classification as long-term, including repayment terms, interest rates, collateral provided, restrictions on use of assets and activities, whether or not in compliance with debt covenants, and other matters important to users of the financial statements, such as the effects of refinancing and noncompliance with debt covenants.

+ References

Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2208564

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (h)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495323-112611

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1C
-Subparagraph (c)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495334-112611

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1I
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495371-112611

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1I
-Subparagraph (d)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495371-112611

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(c))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (g)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495323-112611

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1C
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495334-112611

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1C
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495334-112611

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1E
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495348-112611

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1B
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495323-112611

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1I
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495371-112611

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (i)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123466505&loc=SL123495323-112611

+ Details

Asset Retirement Obligations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Asset Retirement Obligation Disclosure [Abstract]

ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

NOTE L—ASSET RETIREMENT OBLIGATIONS

Mine reclamation or future remediation costs for inactive mines are accrued based on management’s best estimate at the end of each period of the costs expected to be incurred at a site. Such cost estimates include, where applicable, ongoing care, maintenance and monitoring costs. Changes in estimates at inactive mines are reflected in earnings in the period an estimate is revised. Liabilities related to our asset retirement obligations are recorded in other long-term liabilities on our balance sheets. Changes in the asset retirement obligations (in thousands) are as follows:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning balance	$	32,049	$	24,717
Accretion	1,498		1,450
Additions and revisions of estimates	(12,753)		5,882
Payments	(62)		—
Ending balance	$	20,732	$	32,049

The decrease in liability is primarily attributable to revisions of estimates of reclamation costs, mainly related to change in interest rates.

Fair Value Accounting	12 Months Ended
Fair Value Accounting	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING	NOTE M—FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Cash Equivalents Due to the short-term maturity, we believe our cash equivalent instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximate their reported carrying values, therefore we have classified our cash equivalents as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-Term Debt, Including Current Maturities We believe that the fair values of our long-term debt, including current maturities, approximate their carrying values based on their effective interest rates compared to current market rates, therefore we have classified our long-term debt as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Derivative Instruments The estimated fair value of our derivative instruments is recorded at each reporting period and is determined based on inputs that are readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. Therefore, we have classified these swap agreements as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References + Details

Derivative Instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

NOTE N—DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Cash Flow Hedges of Natural Gas Price Risk

Natural gas is the primary fuel source used for drying in the commercial silica production process. In the past, the price of natural gas has been volatile, and we believe this volatility may continue. In order to manage our exposure to natural gas price increases, we have entered into natural gas swaps. All of these swap agreements commenced in December 2022. The derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet within other current or long-term assets or liabilities based on maturity dates at their fair values. As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of our natural gas swaps was a liability of $3.1 million, of which $2.3 million is classified within accounts payable and accrued liabilities on our balance sheet and $0.8 million is classified within other long-term obligations on our balance sheet.

We have designated the natural gas swap agreements as qualified cash flow hedges. Accordingly, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and recognized in earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings.

The following table summarizes the fair value of our derivative instruments (in thousands, except contract/notional amount). See Note M - Fair Value Accounting for more information regarding the estimated fair values of our derivative instruments.


	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Maturity Date	Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Maturity Date	Contract/Notional Amount	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC	2023	1,200,000	$	(1,887)	$	(1,887)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC	2024	870,000	$	(656)	$	(656)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2023	300,000	$	(425)	$	(425)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2024	120,000	$	(85)	$	(85)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2025	90,000	$	(35)	$	(35)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we had no ineffectiveness for the natural gas swap derivatives.

The following table summarizes the effect of derivative instruments (in thousands) on our income statements and our consolidated statements of comprehensive income:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Deferred losses from derivatives in OCI, beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	(3,053)
(Loss) gain recognized in OCI from derivative instruments	(2,342)		—		3,053

Deferred losses from derivatives in OCI, end of period	$	(2,342)	$	—	$	—

Equity-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION

NOTE O—EQUITY-BASED COMPENSATION

In July 2011, we adopted the U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2011 Plan”), which was amended and restated in May 2015, amended and restated effective February 1, 2020, amended and restated effective May 13, 2021 and amended and restated effective May 12, 2022. The 2011 Plan provides for grants of stock options, restricted stock, performance share units and other incentive-based awards. We believe our 2011 Plan aligns the interests of our employees and directors with those of our common stockholders. At December 31, 2022, we had 2,649,220 shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2011 Plan. We use a combination of treasury stock and new shares if necessary to satisfy option exercises or vesting of restricted awards and performance share units.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our stock option awards:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	666,718	$	30.84	$	—	2.4 years
Granted	—	$	—	$	—
Exercised	(90,000)	$	10.61	$	613
Forfeited	—	$	—	$	—
Expired	(68,195)	$	17.46	$	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	508,523	$	36.22	$	—	2.0 years
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	508,523	$	36.22	$	—	2.0 years

There were no grants of stock options during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

The following table summarizes stock option exercise activity:


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Options exercised (in actual shares)	90,000		10,164		—
Intrinsic value of options exercised (in thousands)	$	613	$	44	$	—
Cash received from options exercised (in thousands)	$	955	$	105	$	—
Tax benefit realized from options exercised (in thousands)	$	148	$	11	$	—

As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there was no unrecognized compensation expense related to these options. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Unit Awards

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our unvested restricted stock awards:


	Number of Shares	Grant Date Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2021	1,144,310	$	8.37
Granted	728,357	$	10.74
Vested	(401,555)	$	8.97
Forfeited	(32,726)	$	9.82
Unvested, December 31, 2022	1,438,386	$	9.37

We granted 728,357, 881,261 and 1,590,170 restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The fair value of the awards was based on the market price of our stock at date of grant.

We recognized $6.8 million, $7.3 million and $8.1 million of equity-based compensation expense related to restricted stock awards during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was $8.2 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these restricted stock awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

We also granted cash awards during the year ended December 31, 2020. These awards will vest over a period of three years and will be settled in cash. As such, these awards have been classified as liability instruments. We recognized $0.9 million, $0.9 million and $0.6 million of expense related to these awards for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. The liability for these awards is included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities on our balance sheets. These awards will be remeasured at fair value each reporting period with resulting changes reflected in our income statements. Estimated unrecognized expense related to these awards is $0.1 million over a period of 0.1 years.

Performance Share Unit Awards

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our performance share unit awards:


	Number of Shares	Grant Date Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2021	1,914,589	$	9.77
Granted	920,681	$	11.79
Vested	(497,401)	$	14.56
Forfeited/Cancelled	(45,118)	$	11.30
Unvested, December 31, 2022	2,292,751	$	9.51

We granted 920,681, 886,091 and 1,020,161 of performance share unit awards during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A portion of these awards was measured against total shareholder return ("TSR"), and a portion was measured against adjusted free cash flow ("ACF") targets. The grant date weighted average fair value of these awards was estimated to be $11.79, $12.04 and $6.57 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The number of TSR measured units that will vest will depend on the percentage ranking of our TSR compared to the TSR for each of the companies in the peer group over the three year period from January 1, 2022 through December 31, 2024 for the 2022 grant, January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2023 for the 2021 grant, and January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022 for the 2020 grant. The number of ACF measured units that will vest will be based on ACF achievement versus target. The ACF targets are set annually and are approved by the Board of Directors. The related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The grant date fair value for the TSR awards was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model. The Monte Carlo simulation model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions. Our key assumptions in the model included the price and the expected volatility of our common stock and our self-determined peer group companies’ stock, risk-free rate of interest, dividend yields and cross-correlations between our common stock and our self-determined peer group companies' stock.

We recognized $11.5 million, $11.5 million and $6.8 million of compensation expense related to performance share unit awards during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, there was $8.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to these performance share unit awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

We also granted cash awards during the year ended December 31, 2020. These awards will vest over a period of three years and will be settled in cash. As such, these awards have been classified as liability instruments. We recognized $1.1 million, $0.7 million and $0.9 million of expense related to these awards for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The liability for these awards is included in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities on our balance sheets. These awards will be remeasured at fair value each reporting period with resulting changes reflected in our income statements. Estimated unrecognized expense related to these awards is $0.1 million over a period of 0.1 years.

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

NOTE P—COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Future Minimum Annual Commitments (in thousands):


Year ending December 31,	Minimum Purchase Commitments
2023	$	10,606
2024	4,295
2025	2,886
2026	2,180
2027	1,880
Thereafter	7,484
Total future purchase commitments	$	29,331

Minimum Purchase Commitments

We enter into service agreements with our transload and transportation service providers. Some of these agreements require us to purchase a minimum amount of services over a specific period of time. Any inability to meet these minimum contract requirements requires us to pay a shortfall fee, which is based on the difference between the minimum amount contracted for and the actual amount purchased.

Contingent Liability on Royalty Agreement

On May 17, 2017, we purchased reserves in Crane County, Texas, for $94.4 million cash plus contingent consideration. The contingent consideration is a royalty that is based on the tonnage shipped to third-parties. Because the contingent consideration is dependent on future tonnage sold, the amounts of which are uncertain, it is not currently possible to estimate the fair value of these future payments. The contingent consideration will be capitalized at the time a payment is probable and reasonably estimable, and the related depletion expense will be adjusted prospectively.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

Our operating subsidiary, U.S. Silica Company (“U.S. Silica”), has been named as a defendant in various product liability claims alleging silica exposure causing silicosis. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, zero, two and one claims, respectively, were brought against U.S. Silica. As of December 31, 2022, there were 42 active silica-related products liability claims pending in which U.S. Silica is a defendant. Although the outcomes of these claims cannot be predicted with certainty, in the opinion of management, it is not reasonably possible that the ultimate resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations that exceeds the accrual amounts.

We have recorded estimated liabilities for these claims in other long-term obligations as well as estimated recoveries under the indemnity agreement and an estimate of future recoveries under insurance in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. As of both December 31, 2022 and 2021, other non-current assets included zero for insurance for third-party products liability claims, and other long-term obligations included $0.8 million and $0.9 million, respectively, for third-party products liability claims.

Obligations Under Guarantees

We have indemnified our insurers against any loss they may incur in the event that holders of surety bonds, issued on our behalf, execute the bonds. As of December 31, 2022, there were $42.6 million in bonds outstanding. The majority of these bonds, $38.6 million, relate to reclamation requirements issued by various government authorities. Reclamation bonds remain outstanding until the mining area is reclaimed and the authority issues a formal release. The remaining bonds relate to licenses, permits, and tax collections.

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

PENSION AND POST-RETIREMENT BENEFITS

NOTE Q— PENSION AND POST-RETIREMENT BENEFITS

We maintain a single-employer noncontributory defined benefit pension plan covering certain employees. The plan is frozen to all new employees. The plan provides benefits based on each covered employee’s years of qualifying service. Our funding policy is to contribute amounts within the range of the minimum required and maximum deductible contributions for the plan consistent with a goal of appropriate minimization of the unfunded projected benefit obligations. The pension plan uses a benefit level per year of service for covered hourly employees and a final average pay method for covered salaried employees. The plan uses the projected unit credit cost method to determine the actuarial valuation.

We employ a total rate of return investment approach whereby a mix of equities and fixed income investments are used to maximize the long-term return of plan assets for a prudent level of risk. Risk tolerance is established through careful consideration of plan liabilities, plan funded status, and corporate financial condition. The investment portfolio contains a diversified blend of equity and fixed-income investments. Furthermore, equity investments are diversified across U.S. and non-U.S. stocks, as well as growth, value and small and large capitalizations. Investment risk is measured and monitored on an ongoing basis through quarterly investment portfolio reviews, annual liability measurements, and periodic asset/liability studies.

We employ a building block approach in determining the long-term rate of return for plan assets. Historical markets are studied and long-term historical relationships between equities and fixed-income are preserved consistent with the widely accepted capital market principle that assets with higher volatility generate a greater return over the long run. Current market factors such as inflation and interest rates are evaluated before long-term capital market assumptions are determined. The long-term portfolio return is established via a building block approach with proper consideration of diversification and rebalancing. Peer data and historical returns are reviewed to check for reasonability and appropriateness.

In addition, we provide defined benefit post-retirement health care and life insurance benefits to some employees. Covered employees become eligible for these benefits at retirement after meeting minimum age and service requirements. The projected future cost of providing post-retirement benefits, such as healthcare and life insurance, is recognized as an expense as employees render services. In general, retiree health benefits are paid as covered expenses are incurred.

Net pension benefit cost (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	2,516	$	2,855	$	2,253
Interest cost	3,120		2,619		4,037
Expected return on plan assets	(5,887)		(5,688)		(6,019)
Net amortization and deferral	2,249		3,212		3,127
Net pension benefit costs	$	1,998	$	2,998	$	3,398

Net post-retirement benefit cost (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	18	$	24	$	70
Interest cost	180		141		584

Unrecognized net (gain)/loss	(2,360)		(2,204)		—
Net post-retirement benefit costs	$	(2,162)	$	(2,039)	$	654

The changes in benefit obligations and plan assets (in thousands), as well as the funded status (in thousands) of our pension and post-retirement plans were as follows:


	Pension Benefits				Post-retirement Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Benefit obligation at January 1,	$	144,251	$	157,198	$	9,391	$	11,318
Service cost	2,516		2,855		18		24
Interest cost	3,120		2,619		180		141
Actuarial (gain) loss	(28,494)		(6,637)		(1,566)		(3,193)
Benefits paid	(9,486)		(9,551)		(504)		(680)
Other	340		(2,233)		58		1,781
Benefit obligation at December 31,	$	112,247	$	144,251	$	7,577	$	9,391
Fair value of plan assets at January 1,	$	120,911	$	120,563	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	(22,507)		7,099		—		—
Employer contributions	—		2,800		446		579
Benefits paid	(9,486)		(9,551)		(504)		(680)
Other	1		—		58		101
Fair value of plan assets at December 31,	$	88,919	$	120,911	$	—	$	—
Plan assets less than benefit obligations at December 31 recognized as liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	$	(23,328)	$	(23,340)	$	(7,577)	$	(9,391)

The accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit pension plans, which excludes the assumption of future salary increases, totaled $112.2 million and $144.3 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We record components other than service costs in Other income, net, including interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We also sponsor unfunded, nonqualified pension plans. The projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets for these plans were $1.2 million, $1.2 million and zero, respectively, at December 31, 2022 and $1.5 million, $1.5 million and zero, respectively, at December 31, 2021.

Future estimated annual benefit payments (in thousands) for pension and post-retirement benefit obligations were as follows:


	Benefits
			Post-retirement
	Pension		Before Medicare Subsidy		After Medicare Subsidy
2023	$	9,489	$	996	$	996
2024	9,466		942		942
2025	9,323		844		844
2026	9,250		791		791
2027	9,072		729		729
2028-2032	42,390		2,715		2,715

Our best estimate of expected contributions to the pension and post-retirement medical benefit plans for the 2023 fiscal year are zero and $1.0 million, respectively.

The total amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to net actuarial loss for the pension and post-retirement plans were $6.5 million and $10.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The total amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to prior service cost for the pension and post-retirement plans, were gains of $5.4 million and $7.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The actuarial gains in 2022 and 2021 were primarily driven by the change in discount rates on the U.S. qualified plan and postretirement medical plans. The impact of the discount rate change was partially offset by the actual return on plan assets exceeding the expected return on plan assets.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine our obligations under the plans:

Pension Benefits

Post-retirement Benefits

2022

2021

2022

2021

Discount rate

5.2

2.8

5.1

2.6

Long-term rate of compensation increase

N/A

Long-term rate of return on plan assets

6.0

5.8%

N/A

Health care cost trend rate:

Pre-65 initial rate/ultimate rate

N/A

6.8%/4.5%

6.2%/4.5%

Pre-65 ultimate year

N/A

2031

2028

Post-65 initial rate/ultimate rate

N/A

N/A/N/A

Post-65 ultimate year

N/A

The weighted average discount rates used to determine the projected pension and post-retirement obligations were updated to reflect the expected long-term rates of return with maturities comparable to payments for the plan obligations utilizing Aon Hewitt's AA Above Medium Curve.

Mortality tables used for pension benefits and post-retirement benefits plans were the following:


	Pension and Post-retirement Benefits
	2022	2021
Healthy Lives	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021
Disabled Lives	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021

The major investment categories and their relative percentage of the fair value of total plan assets as invested were as follows:


	Pension Benefits				Post-retirement Benefits(1)
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Equity securities	54.3	%	51.6	%	—	%	—	%
Debt securities	44.2	%	46.1	%	—	%	—	%
Cash	1.5	%	2.3	%	—	%	—	%


(1)Retiree health benefits are paid by the Company as covered expenses are incurred.

The fair values of the pension plan assets (in thousands) at December 31, 2022, by asset category, were as follows:


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	1,362	$	—	$	1,362
Mutual funds:
Diversified emerging markets	4,221		—		—		4,221
Foreign large blend	16,740		—		—		16,740
Large-cap blend	15,464		—		—		15,464
Mid-cap blend	7,720		—		—		7,720
Real Assets	4,144		—		—		4,144

Fixed income securities:
Corporate notes and bonds	27,892		—		—		27,892
U.S. Treasuries	5,223		—		—		5,223
Mortgage-backed securities	—		3,000		—		3,000
Asset-backed securities	—		3,153		—		3,153

Net asset	$	81,404	$	7,515	$	—	$	88,919

The fair values of the pension plan assets (in thousands) at December 31, 2021, by asset category, were as follows:


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	2,743	$	—	$	2,743
Mutual funds:
Diversified emerging markets	6,375		—		—		6,375
Foreign large blend	21,719		—		—		21,719
Large-cap blend	22,907		—		—		22,907
Mid-cap blend	11,411		—		—		11,411
Real estate	—		—		—		—
Fixed income securities:
Corporate notes and bonds	35,365		—		—		35,365
U.S. Treasuries	6,915		—		—		6,915
Mortgage-backed securities	—		2,242		—		2,242
Asset-backed securities	—		1,739		—		1,739
Real Assets	—		9,495		—		9,495
Net asset	$	104,692	$	16,219	$	—	$	120,911

We contribute to three multiemployer defined benefit pension plans under the terms of collective-bargaining agreements for union-represented employees. A multiemployer plan is subject to collective bargaining for employees of two or more unrelated companies. These plans allow multiple employers to pool their pension resources and realize efficiencies associated with the daily administration of the plan. Multiemployer plans are generally governed by a board of trustees composed of management and labor representatives and are funded through employer contributions. However, in most cases, management is not directly represented.

The risks of participating in multiemployer plans differ from single employer plans as follows: 1) assets contributed to a multiemployer plan by one employer may be used to provide benefits to employees of other participating employers, 2) if a participating employer stops contributing to the plan, the unfunded obligations of the plan may be borne by the remaining participating employers, and 3) if we cease to have an obligation to contribute to one or more of the multiemployer plans to which we contribute, we may be required to pay those plans an amount based on the underfunded status of the plan, referred to as a withdrawal liability.

A summary of each multiemployer pension plan for which we participate is presented below:

Pension
Fund

EIN/ Pension
Plan No.

Pension Protection Act

Zone Status(1)

FIP/RP Status
Pending/
Implemented

Company
Contributions
(in thousands)

Surcharge
Imposed

Expiration
Date of
CBA

2022

2021

2022

2021

2020

LIUNA

52-6074345/001

Green

395

378

361

6/7/2025

IUOE

36-6052390/001

Green

376

328

256

8/1/2027

CSSS(2)

36-6044243/001

Red

Yes

(1)The Pension Protection Act of 2006 defines the zone status as follows: green—healthy, yellow—endangered, orange—seriously endangered and red—critical.

(2)In 2011, we withdrew from the Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan. The withdrawal liability of $1.0 million will be paid in monthly installments of $4,000 until 2031.

Our contributions to individual multiemployer pension funds did not exceed 5% of the fund’s total contributions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. Additionally, our contributions to multiemployer post-retirement benefit plans were immaterial for all periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

We also sponsor a defined contribution plan covering certain employees. We contribute to the plan in two ways. For certain employees not covered by the defined benefit plan, we make a contribution equal to 4% of their salary. For all other eligible employees, we make a contribution of up to 6% of eligible earnings. Contributions were $6.9 million, $5.9 million and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for retirement benefits.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123450688&loc=d3e4179-114921

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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+ Details

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

NOTE R— LEASES

We lease railroad cars, office space, mining property, mining/processing equipment, and transportation and other equipment. The majority of our leases have remaining lease terms of approximately one year to 20 years. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, the latter of which are generally accounted for separately.

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (in thousands except for term and rate information) was as follows:


Leases	Classification	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Operating	Lease right-of-use assets	$	39,088	$	38,793
Finance	Lease right-of-use assets	3,286		3,448
Total leased assets		$	42,374	$	42,241
Liabilities
Current
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	19,773	$	14,469
Finance	Current portion of long-term debt	1,107		1,061
Non-Current
Operating	Operating lease liabilities	64,478		75,130
Finance	Long-term debt, net	2,153		2,485
Total lease liabilities		$	87,511	$	93,145

Operating lease liabilities are based on the net present value of the remaining lease payments over the remaining lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, in determining the lease liability and the present value of lease payments, we used our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate related to leases were as follows:


Lease Term and Discount Rate	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	6.4 years		6.9 years
Finance leases	4.4 years		3.6 years

Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	5.7	%	5.7	%
Finance leases	5.1	%	5.1	%

The components of lease expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:


Lease Costs	Classification	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Operating lease costs (1)	Cost of Sales	$	38,576	$	33,185
Operating lease costs (2)	Selling, general, and administrative	1,641		1,880

Total (3)		$	40,217	$	35,065

(1) Included short-term operating lease costs of $23.5 million and $17.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) Included short-term operating lease costs of $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3) Does not include expense of $1.5 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 for finance leases.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:


	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	22,410	$	24,451
Financing cash flows for finance leases	$	1,576	$	759

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	14,744	$	17,350
Finance leases	$	2,536	$	3,815

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:


Maturities of lease liabilities	Operating leases		Finance leases
2023	$	24,707	$	1,249
2024	20,230		1,123
2025	14,725		842
2026	11,812		271
2027	8,281		33
Thereafter	23,701		—
Total lease payments	$	103,456	$	3,518
Less: Interest	16,715		258
Less: Other operating expenses	2,490		—
Total	$	84,251	$	3,260

Leases

NOTE R— LEASES

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (in thousands except for term and rate information) was as follows:


Leases	Classification	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Operating	Lease right-of-use assets	$	39,088	$	38,793
Finance	Lease right-of-use assets	3,286		3,448
Total leased assets		$	42,374	$	42,241
Liabilities
Current
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	19,773	$	14,469
Finance	Current portion of long-term debt	1,107		1,061
Non-Current
Operating	Operating lease liabilities	64,478		75,130
Finance	Long-term debt, net	2,153		2,485
Total lease liabilities		$	87,511	$	93,145


Lease Term and Discount Rate	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	6.4 years		6.9 years
Finance leases	4.4 years		3.6 years

Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	5.7	%	5.7	%
Finance leases	5.1	%	5.1	%

The components of lease expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:


Lease Costs	Classification	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Operating lease costs (1)	Cost of Sales	$	38,576	$	33,185
Operating lease costs (2)	Selling, general, and administrative	1,641		1,880

Total (3)		$	40,217	$	35,065

(1) Included short-term operating lease costs of $23.5 million and $17.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) Included short-term operating lease costs of $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3) Does not include expense of $1.5 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 for finance leases.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:


	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	22,410	$	24,451
Financing cash flows for finance leases	$	1,576	$	759

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	14,744	$	17,350
Finance leases	$	2,536	$	3,815

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:


Maturities of lease liabilities	Operating leases		Finance leases
2023	$	24,707	$	1,249
2024	20,230		1,123
2025	14,725		842
2026	11,812		271
2027	8,281		33
Thereafter	23,701		—
Total lease payments	$	103,456	$	3,518
Less: Interest	16,715		258
Less: Other operating expenses	2,490		—
Total	$	84,251	$	3,260

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

NOTE S— INCOME TAXES

We evaluate our deferred tax assets periodically to determine if valuation allowances are required. Ultimately, the realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generation of future taxable income during those periods in which temporary differences become deductible and/or credits can be utilized. To this end, management considers the level of historical taxable income, the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax-planning strategies and projected future taxable income. Based on these considerations, and the carry-forward availability of a portion of the deferred tax assets, management believes it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefit of the deferred tax assets.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES" Act) was enacted and signed into law in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act, among other things, permitted NOL carryovers and carrybacks to offset 100% of taxable income for taxable years beginning after 2017 and before 2021. In addition, the CARES Act allowed NOLs generated after 2017 and before 2021 to be carried back to each of the five preceding taxable years to generate a refund of previously paid income taxes. As a result, during 2020, we carried the NOL generated in 2019 back to offset the taxable income in the 2014 tax year generating a refund of $36.6 million. This refund was received during the second quarter of 2020. We also amended our 2018 tax return to generate an NOL by electing bonus depreciation. We then carried the NOL generated in 2018 back to offset the taxable income in prior years generating a refund of $26.3 million, of which $4.9 million was received during the fourth quarter of 2020 and $21.1 million was received during the first quarter of 2022. At December 31, 2022, the remaining $0.3 million of this refund was included in our deferred tax asset balance. The deferred tax assets related to the NOLs generated in 2018 and 2019 were recorded at the statutory income tax rate for 2018 and 2019, which was 21% for both years. As a result of the carry back of these NOLs to prior years, the NOLs will be utilized at the statutory income tax rate for pre-2018, which was 35%. This increase in the tax rate at which the 2018 and 2019 NOLs will be utilized results in a deferred tax benefit. Accordingly, for the year ended December 31, 2020, we recorded a deferred tax benefit of $22.3 million. Pursuant to ASC 740, this was recorded as a discrete component of the tax benefit.

Income (loss) before income taxes (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	87,686	$	(48,328)	$	(183,656)
Foreign	16,313		11,252		8,509
Total	$	103,999	$	(37,076)	$	(175,147)

Income tax (expense) benefit (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current:
Federal	$	(1,650)	$	—	$	—
State	(3,078)		(3,353)		(307)
Foreign	(491)		(1,385)		(1,473)
	(5,219)		(4,738)		(1,780)
Deferred:
Federal	(17,881)		7,589		57,214
State	(3,059)		(96)		4,591
Foreign	—		—		—
	(20,940)		7,493		61,805
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(26,159)	$	2,755	$	60,025

Income tax (expense) benefit (in thousands) differed from the amount that would be provided by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate due to the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Income tax (expense) benefit computed at U.S. federal statutory rate	$	(21,838)	$	7,786	$	36,781
Decrease (increase) resulting from:
Statutory depletion	2,963		2,012		1,230

Prior year tax return reconciliation	(1,564)		(2,490)		(2,084)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	(4,003)		445		5,013
Impact of international operations	(830)		(380)		(795)
Unrecognized tax benefits	(89)		(1,302)		—
Adjustment to deferred taxes from the CARES Act	—		—		22,318
Equity compensation	(195)		(627)		(1,477)
Executive compensation	(300)		(2,092)		(579)
Other, net	(303)		(597)		(382)
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(26,159)	$	2,755	$	60,025

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax effects, based on enacted tax laws, of temporary differences between the values of assets and liabilities recorded for financial reporting and for tax purposes and of net operating loss and other carryforwards.

The tax effects of the types of temporary differences and carry forwards that gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2022		2021
Gross deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forward and state tax credits	$	54,638	$	77,327
Pension and post-retirement benefit costs	6,789		7,318

Property, plant and equipment	5,935		8,619
Accrued expenses	18,232		14,930
Inventories	—		1,200
Federal tax credits	1,047		4,188
Stock-based compensation expense	6,374		4,359
Interest expense limitation	19,826		16,921
Intangibles	6,366		7,876
Lease obligation liability	11,393		13,297
Other	5,886		4,399
Total deferred tax assets	136,486		160,434
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Land and mineral property basis difference	(124,669)		(121,211)
Fixed assets and depreciation	(74,714)		(83,708)
Inventories	(1,170)		—

Other	(569)		(289)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(201,122)		(205,208)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(64,636)	$	(44,774)

We have federal net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $215.8 million at December 31, 2022. A portion of those losses are subject to an annual limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 382, but are expected to be fully realized. NOL deductions generated in tax years after December 31, 2017 can offset 100% of taxable income for periods prior to 2021 but only 80% of taxable income after 2020. The CARES Act also prohibits NOL carrybacks on NOLs generated after December 31, 2020 but allows indefinite carryforwards. As of December 31, 2022, we have general business credits of approximately $1.0 million, which will expire beginning in 2033. These credits are expected to be fully realized.

The following table is a reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Balance as of January 1	$	856	$	—	$	—
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—		856		—
Balance as of December 31	$	856	$	856	$	—

If the unrecognized tax benefits of $0.9 million are realized, this would negatively impact the effective tax rate. As of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we had approximately $0.5 million, $0.4 million, and zero, respectively, of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions. During 2022, 2021 and 2020, we accrued and recognized estimated interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions of approximately $0.1 million, $0.4 million and zero, respectively. We include potential interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the income tax (expense)/benefit line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We do not expect a significant change to the unrecognized tax benefits during the next twelve months. Tax returns filed with the IRS for the years 2019 through 2021 along with tax returns filed with numerous state entities remain subject to examination.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 21
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
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-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690

+ Details

Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUE

NOTE T— REVENUE

We consider sales disaggregated at the product and service level by business segment to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flow are impacted by changes in economic factors. The following table reflects our sales disaggregated by major source (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31, 2022						Year Ended December 31, 2021
Category	Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total Sales		Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total Sales
Product	$	576,293	$	563,480	$	1,139,773	$	407,772	$	488,431	$	896,203
Service	385,374		—		385,374		207,676		—		207,676
Total Sales	$	961,667	$	563,480	$	1,525,147	$	615,448	$	488,431	$	1,103,879

The following tables reflect the changes in our contract assets, which we classify as unbilled receivables and our contract liabilities, which we classify as deferred revenues (in thousands):


	Unbilled Receivables
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning Balance	$	1,957	$	47,982
Reclassifications to billed receivables	(4,457)		(105,305)
Revenues recognized in excess of period billings	2,500		59,280
Ending Balance	$	—	$	1,957

We enter into certain customer supply agreements which give the customers the right to purchase certain products for a discounted price at certain volumes over an average initial contract term of one to fifteen years. The advance payments represent future purchases and are recorded as deferred revenue, recognized as revenue over the contract term of each supply agreement.


	Deferred Revenue
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning Balance	$	20,741	$	33,692
Revenues recognized from balances held at the beginning of the period	(3,905)		(13,172)
Revenues deferred from period collections on unfulfilled performance obligations	27,398		5,207
Revenues recognized from period collections	(13,482)		(4,986)
Ending Balance	$	30,752	$	20,741

We have elected to use the practical expedients allowed under ASC 606-10-50-14, pursuant to which we have excluded disclosures of transaction prices allocated to remaining performance obligations and when we expect to recognize such revenue. The majority of our remaining performance obligations are primarily comprised of unfulfilled product, transportation service, and labor service orders, all of which hold a remaining duration of less than one year. The long term portion of deferred revenue primarily represents a combination of refundable and nonrefundable customer prepayments for which related current performance obligations do not yet exist, but are expected to arise, before the expiration of the contract. Our residual unfulfilled performance obligations are comprised primarily of long-term equipment rental arrangements in which we recognize revenues equal to what we have a right to invoice. Generally, no variable consideration exists related to our remaining performance obligations and no consideration is excluded from the associated transaction prices. However, the changes in the deferred revenue balance are partially attributable to revenue recognized as variable consideration from shortfall fees assessed to multiple customers according to contract terms as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized revenue as variable consideration from shortfall fees according to contract terms in the amounts of $1.1 million and $49.7 million, respectively. We believe these amounts are the best estimates of revenue to recognize as of year end.

During the second quarter of 2021, we entered into an agreement to settle a customer dispute regarding fees related to minimum purchase commitments from 2014-2020. As a result of this settlement, we recognized approximately $49.0 million in revenue as of June 30, 2021. These amounts were received in full during the second and third quarters of 2021.

Foreign Operations

The following table includes information related to our foreign operations (in thousands):


	For the years ended
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Total Sales	$	112,753	$	96,317	$	86,179
Pre-tax income	$	16,313	$	11,252	$	8,509
Net income	$	12,887	$	8,889	$	6,722

Foreign operations constituted approximately $33.4 million and $30.7 million of consolidated assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

- Definition

The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=49130388

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130551-203045

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130554-203045

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130558-203045

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130554-203045

+ Details

Related Party Transactions	12 Months Ended
Related Party Transactions	Dec. 31, 2022
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	NOTE U— RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS There were no related party transactions during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020.

Segment Reporting

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SEGMENT REPORTING

NOTE V— SEGMENT REPORTING

Our business is organized into two reportable segments, Oil & Gas Proppants and Industrial & Specialty Products, based on end markets. The reportable segments are consistent with how management views the markets that we serve and the financial information reviewed by the chief operating decision maker. We manage our Oil & Gas Proppants and Industrial & Specialty Products businesses as components of an enterprise for which separate information is available and is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance.

In the Oil & Gas Proppants segment, we serve the oil and gas recovery market primarily by providing and delivering fracturing sand, or “frac sand,” which is pumped down oil and natural gas wells to prop open rock fissures and increase the flow rate of oil and natural gas from the wells.

The Industrial & Specialty Products segment consists of over 600 product types and materials used in a variety of markets including building and construction products, fillers and extenders, filtration, glassmaking, absorbents, foundry, and sports and recreation.

An operating segment’s performance is primarily evaluated based on segment contribution margin, which excludes selling, general, and administrative costs, corporate costs, plant capacity expansion expenses, and facility closure costs. We believe that segment contribution margin, as defined above, is an appropriate measure for evaluating the operating performance of our segments. However, segment contribution margin is a non-GAAP measure and should be considered in addition to, not a substitute for, or superior to, net income (loss) or other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. The other accounting policies of each of the two reportable segments are the same as those in Note B - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to these Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table presents sales and segment contribution margin (in thousands) for the reportable segments and other operating results not allocated to the reported segments:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Sales:
Oil & Gas Proppants	$	961,667	$	615,448	$	414,897
Industrial & Specialty Products	563,480		488,431		430,988
Total sales	1,525,147		1,103,879		845,885
Segment contribution margin:
Oil & Gas Proppants	301,837		160,052		142,041
Industrial & Specialty Products	170,280		168,499		159,176
Total segment contribution margin	472,117		328,551		301,217
Operating activities excluded from segment cost of sales	(17,159)		(19,655)		(30,402)
Selling, general and administrative	(143,838)		(119,628)		(124,171)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(140,166)		(161,131)		(155,568)
Goodwill and other asset impairments	—		(202)		(110,688)
Interest expense	(77,598)		(71,157)		(79,885)
Other income, net, including interest income	10,643		6,146		24,350
Income tax (expense) benefit	(26,159)		2,755		60,025
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Asset information, including capital expenditures and depreciation, depletion, and amortization, by segment is not included in reports used by management in its monitoring of performance and, therefore, is not reported by segment. At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, goodwill of $185.6 million has been allocated to these segments with zero assigned to Oil & Gas Proppants and $185.6 million to Industrial & Specialty Products.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 31
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8924-108599

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-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
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Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Subparagraph (b)
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Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2134510

+ Details

Parent Company Financials

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

PARENT COMPANY FINANCIALS

NOTE W— PARENT COMPANY FINANCIALS

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS


	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	48,398	$	46,996
Other receivables	275		—
Due from affiliates	160,315		165,632
Total current assets	208,988		212,628
Investment in subsidiaries	495,776		401,691
Total assets	$	704,764	$	614,319
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	50	$	50
Dividends payable	20		186
Total current liabilities	70		236
Total liabilities	70		236
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock	—		—
Common stock	854		845
Additional paid-in capital	1,234,834		1,218,575
Retained deficit	(351,084)		(429,260)
Treasury stock, at cost	(186,196)		(186,294)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,723)		349
Total U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. stockholders’ equity	696,685		604,215
Non-controlling interest	8,009		9,868
Total stockholders' equity	704,694		614,083
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	704,764	$	614,319

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Sales	$	—	$	—	$	—
Cost of sales	—		—		—
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative	253		252		253
Total operating expenses	253		252		253
Operating loss	(253)		(252)		(253)
Other income (expense)
Interest income	565		5		210
Total other income	565		5		210
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312		(247)		(43)
Income tax expense	—		—		—
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312		(247)		(43)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax	77,528		(34,074)		(115,079)
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (net of tax of $(746), $0, and $973 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively)	(2,342)		—		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment (net of tax of $(269), $(309), and $444 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(845)		(1,000)		1,391
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustment (net of tax of $355, $3,131, and $2,207 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	1,115		9,828		6,931
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	75,768	$	(25,493)	$	(103,747)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	76,104	$	(24,933)	$	(102,719)

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY


(amounts in thousands)	Par Value		Treasury Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Deficit - Present		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total U.S. Silica, Inc. Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	823	$	(180,912)	$	1,185,116	$	(279,956)	$	(19,854)	$	705,217	$	11,363	$	716,580
Net loss	—		—		—		(114,094)		—		(114,094)		(1,028)		(115,122)
Unrealized gain on derivatives	—		—		—		—		3,053		3,053		—		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		1,391		1,391		—		1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		6,931		6,931		—		6,931
Cash dividend declared ($0.02 per share)	—		—		—		(1,446)		—		(1,446)		—		(1,446)
Contributions from non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		1,196		1,196
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,911		—		—		14,911		—		14,911

Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	4		(703)		(4)		—		—		(703)		—		(703)

Balance at December 31, 2020	$	827	$	(181,615)	$	1,200,023	$	(395,496)	$	(8,479)	$	615,260	$	11,531	$	626,791
Net loss	—		—		—		(33,761)		—		(33,761)		(560)		(34,321)

Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		(1,000)		(1,000)		—		(1,000)
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		9,828		9,828		—		9,828
Cash dividends	—		—		—		(3)		—		(3)		—		(3)
Distributions to non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,103)		(1,103)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		18,809		—		—		18,809		—		18,809
Proceeds from options exercised	—		344		(239)		—		—		105		—		105
Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	18		(5,023)		(18)		—		—		(5,023)		—		(5,023)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	845	$	(186,294)	$	1,218,575	$	(429,260)	$	349	$	604,215	$	9,868	$	614,083
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		78,176		—		78,176		(336)		77,840
Unrealized loss on derivatives	—		—		—		—		(2,342)		(2,342)		—		(2,342)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		(845)		(845)		—		(845)
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		1,115		1,115		—		1,115
Cash dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Distributions to non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,523)		(1,523)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		18,364		—		—		18,364		—		18,364
Proceeds from options exercised	—		3,051		(2,096)		—		—		955		—		955
Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	9		(2,953)		(9)		—		—		(2,953)		—		(2,953)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	854	$	(186,196)	$	1,234,834	$	(351,084)	$	(1,723)	$	696,685	$	8,009	$	704,694

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Undistributed (income) loss from equity method investment, net	(77,528)		34,074		115,079
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:
Other receivables	(275)		—		—
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	—		(236)		155
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	37		(483)		112
Investing activities:
Investment in subsidiary	—		—		—
Net cash used in investing activities	—		—		—
Financing activities:
Dividends paid	(164)		(26)		(6,185)

Proceeds from options exercised	955		105		—
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)		(5,023)		(703)
(Distributions to) contributions from non-controlling interest	(1,523)		(1,103)		1,196
Net financing activities with subsidiaries	5,050		6,675		582
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,365		628		(5,110)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	1,402		145		(4,998)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	46,996		46,851		51,849
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	48,398	$	46,996	$	46,851
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash received during the period for:
Interest	$	(565)	$	(17)	$	(210)

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements of Registrant (Parent Company Only)

These condensed parent company only financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Rule 12-04, Schedule I of Regulation S-X, because the restricted net assets of the subsidiaries of U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. (as defined in Rule 4-08(e)(3) of Regulation S-X) exceed 25% of our consolidated net assets. The ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends may be restricted due to the terms of our Credit Facility, as discussed in Note K - Debt to these financial statements.

These condensed parent company financial statements have been prepared using the same accounting principles and policies described in the notes to the consolidated financial statements; the only exceptions are that (a) the parent company accounts for its subsidiaries using the equity method of accounting, (b) taxes are allocated to the parent from the subsidiary using the separate return method, and (c) intercompany loans are not eliminated. In the parent company financial statements, our investment in subsidiaries is stated at cost plus equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries since the date of acquisition. These condensed parent company financial statements should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

No cash dividends were paid to the parent by its consolidated entities for the years presented in the condensed financial statements.

Impairments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Disclosure Text Block Supplement [Abstract]

IMPAIRMENTS

NOTE X— IMPAIRMENTS

We recorded impairment charges (in thousands) for the following assets:


Description	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Inventories, net	$	—	$	—	$	6,837
Property, plant and mine development, net	—		164		11,822
Operating lease right-of-use assets	—		—		3,406
Goodwill	—		—		86,100
Intangible assets, net	—		38		2,523
Total	$	—	$	202	$	110,688

2020 Impairments

During 2020, there was an unprecedented drop in global demand combined with the breakdown of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil producing nations ("OPEC+") agreement to restrict oil production that led to one of the largest annual crude oil inventory builds in history. This led to a sharp reduction in global crude oil prices. Containment measures and other economic, travel, and business disruptions caused by COVID-19 also affected refinery activity and future demand for crude oil, and consequently, the services and products of our Oil & Gas Proppants segment. As a result of these triggering events, we completed impairment assessments for our assets, including plant, property and mine development, right-of-use assets, inventories, and other intangible assets.

Inventories, net

We recorded impairment charges primarily related to unused inventory at plants we idled. These charges related to the Oil & Gas Proppants segment and are recorded in "Goodwill and other asset impairments" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Property, plant and mine development

We estimated the future undiscounted net cash flows of certain asset groupings using estimates of proven and probable sand reserves, estimated future sales prices (considering historical and current prices, price trends and related factors) and operating costs and anticipated capital expenditures. In the cases where the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognized an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets. Impairment charges were recorded related primarily to our Kosse, Texas facility, which was idled. These charges related to the Oil & Gas Proppants segment and are recorded in "Goodwill and other asset impairments" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Operating lease right-of-use assets

We determined the fair value of the railcars primarily utilizing internally developed cash flow models and quoted market prices, discounted at an appropriate weighted average cost of capital. As a result, we recognized impairment charges primarily related to various equipment leases and an office building lease. These charges related mainly to the Oil & Gas Proppants segment and are recorded in "Goodwill and other asset impairments" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Goodwill

We performed a quantitative analysis and determined that the goodwill of our Oil & Gas Proppants reporting unit was impaired. We recognized goodwill impairment charges during the first quarter of 2020. These impairment charges were recorded in the "Goodwill and other asset impairments" caption of our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of our reporting units was determined using the discounted cash flow method.

Intangible assets, net

We recorded impairments of $1.1 million for trade names and $1.4 million for patents and intellectual property as of December 31, 2020, which was recorded in the Industrial & Specialty Products segment as a result of the discontinuance of a minor product line. These charges were recorded in the "Goodwill and other asset impairments" caption of our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
SUBSEQUENT EVENTS	NOTE Y-SUBSEQUENT EVENTS We evaluated subsequent events through the date the consolidated financial statements were available for issuance and did not identify any events requiring disclosure.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2022
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation	Basis of Presentation and Consolidation The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the Consolidated Financial Statements have been included. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. Throughout this report we refer to (i) our Consolidated Balance Sheets as our “Balance Sheets,” (ii) our Consolidated Statements of Operations as our “Income Statements,” and (iii) our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as our “Cash Flows.”
Consolidation	Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Holdings and its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Reclassifications	Reclassifications Certain reclassifications of prior period presentations have been made to conform to the current period presentation.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions	Use of Estimates and Assumptions The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The areas requiring the use of management estimates and assumptions relate to the purchase price allocation for businesses acquired; mineral reserves that are the basis for future cash flow estimates utilized in impairment calculations and units-of-production amortization calculations; environmental, reclamation and closure obligations; estimates of recoverable minerals; estimates of allowance for credit losses; estimates of fair value for certain reporting units and asset impairments (including impairments of goodwill, intangible assets and other long-lived assets); write-downs of inventory to net realizable value; equity-based compensation expense; post-employment, post-retirement and other employee benefit liabilities; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets; contingent considerations; reserves for contingencies and litigation and the fair value and accounting treatment of financial instruments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Accordingly, actual results may differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Cash and Cash Equivalents	Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased. Because of the short maturity of these investments, the carrying amounts approximate their fair value. Cash and cash equivalents are invested primarily in money market securities held by financial institutions with high credit ratings. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Cash balances at times may exceed federally-insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and believe we are not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash.
Accounts Receivables	Accounts ReceivableThe majority of our accounts receivable are due from companies in the oil and natural gas drilling, building and construction products, filler and extenders, filtration, glass, absorbents, sports and recreation, foundry and other major industries. Credit is extended based on evaluation of a customer’s financial condition and, generally, collateral is not required. Accounts receivable are stated at amounts due from customers net of allowance for credit losses. Accounts outstanding longer than the payment terms are considered past due. We determine our allowance by considering a number of factors, including the length of time trade accounts receivable are past due, our previous loss history, the customer’s current ability to pay its obligation to us and the condition of the general economy and the industry as a whole. Ongoing credit evaluations are performed. We write-off accounts receivable when they are deemed uncollectible, and payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited to the allowance for credit losses.
Inventories	InventoriesInventories include raw stockpiles, in-process product and finished product available for shipment, as well as spare parts and supplies for routine facility maintenance. We value inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out and average cost methods. Our inventoriable costs include production costs and transportation and additional service costs as applicable.
Property, Plant and Mine Development	Property, Plant and Mine Development Plant and equipment Plant and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Interest incurred during construction of facilities is capitalized and depreciated over the life of the asset. Costs for normal repairs and maintenance that do not extend economic life or improve service potential are expensed as incurred. Costs of improvements that extend economic life or improve service potential are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining useful life. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives as follows: buildings (15 years); land improvements (10 years); machinery and equipment, including computer equipment and software (3-10 years); furniture and fixtures (8 years). Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the asset life or lease term. Construction-in-progress is primarily comprised of machinery and equipment which have not yet been placed in service. Mining property and development Mining property and development includes mineral deposits and mine exploration and development. Mineral deposits are initially recognized at cost, which approximates the estimated fair value on the date of purchase. Mine exploration and development costs include engineering and mineral studies, drilling and other related costs to delineate an ore body, and the removal of overburden to initially expose an ore body for production. Costs incurred before mineralization are classified as proven and probable reserves are expensed and classified as exploration or advanced projects, research and development expense. Capitalization of mine development project costs, which meet the definition of an asset, begins once mineralization is classified as proven and probable reserves. The cost of removing overburden and waste materials to access the ore body at an open pit mine prior to the production phase are referred to as “pre-stripping costs.” Pre-stripping costs are capitalized during the development of an open pit mine. The production phase of an open pit mine commences when saleable minerals, beyond a de minimis amount, are produced. Stripping costs incurred during the production phase of a mine are variable production costs that are included as a component of inventory to be recognized in costs applicable to sales in the same period as the revenue from the sale of inventory. Depletion and amortization of mineral deposits and mine development costs are recorded as the minerals are extracted, based on units of production and engineering estimates of mineable reserves. The impact of revisions to reserve estimates is recognized on a prospective basis. See Note H - Property, Plant and Mine Development. Mine reclamation costs and asset retirement obligations We recognize the fair value of any liability for conditional asset retirement obligations, if sufficient information exists to reasonably estimate the fair value of the liability. These obligations include environmental remediation liabilities when incurred, which is generally upon acquisition, construction or development and/or through the normal operation of the asset. These obligations also generally include the estimated net future costs of dismantling, restoring and reclaiming operating mines and related mine sites in accordance with federal, state, local regulatory and land lease agreement requirements. The liability is accreted over time through periodic charges to earnings. In addition, the asset retirement cost is capitalized as part of the asset’s carrying value and amortized over the life of the related asset. Reclamation costs are periodically adjusted to reflect changes in the estimated present value resulting from the passage of time and revisions to the estimates of either the timing or amount of the reclamation and abandonment costs. The reclamation obligation is based on when spending for an existing environmental disturbance will occur. If the asset retirement obligation is settled for other than the carrying amount of the liability, a gain or loss is recognized on settlement. We review, on an annual basis, unless otherwise deemed necessary, the reclamation obligation at each mine site in accordance with ASC guidance for accounting for reclamation obligations.
Impairment or Disposal of Property, Plant and Mine Development	Impairment or Disposal of Property, Plant and Mine Development We periodically evaluate whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our property, plant and equipment assets may not be recoverable. If circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we estimate future undiscounted net cash flows using estimates of proven and probable sand reserves, estimated future sales prices (considering historical and current prices, price trends and related factors) and operating costs and anticipated capital expenditures. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets. The recoverability of the carrying value of our mineral properties is dependent upon the successful development, start-up and commercial production of our mineral deposit and the related processing facilities. Our evaluation of mineral properties for potential impairment primarily includes assessing the existence or availability of required permits and evaluating changes in our mineral reserves, or the underlying estimates and assumptions, including estimated production costs. Assessing the economic feasibility requires certain estimates including the prices of products to be produced and processing recovery rates, as well as operating and capital costs. Gains on the sale of property, plant and mine development are included in income when the assets are disposed of provided there is more than reasonable certainty of the collectability of the sales price and any future activities required to be performed by us relating to the disposal of the assets are complete or insignificant. Upon retirement or disposal of assets, all costs and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are written-off.
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and Related Impairment	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets and Related Impairment Our intangible assets consist of goodwill, which is not amortized, indefinite-lived intangibles, which consist of certain trade names that are not subject to amortization, intellectual property and customer relationships. Intellectual property mainly consists of patents and technology, and it is amortized on a straight-line basis over an average useful life of 15 years. Customer relationships are amortized on a straight-line basis over their useful life of 13 - 20 years. Intangible assets that are amortized are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of business combinations over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill and trade names are reviewed for impairment annually as of October 31, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. An impairment exists if the fair value of a reporting unit to which goodwill has been allocated, or the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets, is less than their respective carrying values. Prior to conducting a formal impairment test, we have an option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that is more likely than not (more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Such qualitative factors may include the following: macroeconomic conditions; industry and market considerations; cost factors; overall financial performance; and other relevant entity-specific events. If the qualitative assessment determines that an impairment is more likely than not, or if we choose to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. A trade name is a legally protected trade or similar mark. Acquired trade names are valued using an income method approach, generally the relief-from-royalty valuation method. The method uses a royalty rate based on comparable marketplace royalty agreements for similar types of trade names and applies it to the after-tax discounted free cash flow attributed to the trade name. The discount rate used is based on an estimated weighted average cost of capital and the anticipated risk for intangible assets. The valued trade names have an indefinite life based on our plans and expectations for the trade names going forward and are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Intellectual property and technology (“IP”) is a design, work or invention that is the result of creativity to which one has ownership rights that may be protected through a patent, copyright, trademark or service mark. IP is valued using the relief-from-royalty valuation method. The method uses a royalty rate based on comparable marketplace royalty agreements for similar types of IP and applies it to the after-tax discounted free cash flow attributed to the IP. The discount rate used is based on an estimated weighted average cost of capital and the anticipated risk for intangible assets. The IP is amortized following the pattern in which the expected benefits will be consumed or otherwise used up over each component’s useful life, based on our plans and expectations for the IP going forward, which is generally the underlying IP’s legal expiration dates. IP is reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist. Customer relationships are intangible assets that consist of historical and factual information about customers and contacts collected from repeat transactions with customers, with or without any underlying contracts. The information is generally organized as customer lists or customer databases. We have the expectation of repeat patronage from these customers based on the customers’ historical purchase activity, which creates the intrinsic value over a finite period of time and translates into the expectation of future revenue, income, and cash flow. Customer relationships are valued using projected operating income, adjusted for estimated future existing customer growth less estimated future customer attrition, net of charges for net tangible assets, IP charge, trade name charge and work force. The concluded value is the after-tax discounted free cash flow. Customer relationships are reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently when indicators of impairment exist.
Leases	Leases We lease railroad cars, office space, mining property, mining/processing equipment, and transportation and other equipment. Operating leases are included in lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current portion of operating lease liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in lease right-of-use assets, current portion of long-term debt, and long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include any lease payments made at or before the commencement date of the lease and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, the latter of which are generally accounted for separately. See Note R - Leases. We periodically evaluate whether current events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our ROU assets exceeds fair value. If circumstances indicate an impairment exists, we estimate fair value primarily utilizing internally developed cash flow models and quoted market prices, discounted at an appropriate weighted average cost of capital. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying value of the assets, we recognize an impairment loss equal to the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the assets.
Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenues	Revenue Recognition Products We derive our product sales by mining and processing minerals that our customers purchase for various uses. Our product sales are primarily a function of the price per ton and the number of tons sold. We primarily sell our products through individual purchase orders executed under short-term price agreements or at prevailing market rates. The amount invoiced reflects product, transportation and additional handling services as applicable, such as storage, transloading the product from railcars to trucks and last mile logistics to the customer site. We invoice most of our product customers on a per shipment basis, although for some larger customers, we consolidate invoices weekly or monthly. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. We recognize revenue for products and materials at a point in time following the transfer of control of such items to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts. We account for shipping and handling activities related to product and material sales contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products pursuant to the accounting policy election allowed under ASC 606-10-25-18b. Accordingly, we record amounts billed for shipping and handling costs as a component of net sales and accrue and classify related costs as a component of cost of sales at the time revenue is recognized. For a limited number of customers, we sell under long-term, minimum purchase supply agreements. These agreements define, among other commitments, the volume of product that our customers must purchase, the volume of product that we must provide and the price that we will charge and that our customers will pay for each product. Prices under these agreements are generally fixed and subject to certain contractual adjustments. Sometimes these agreements may undergo negotiations regarding pricing and volume requirements, which may often occur in volatile market conditions. While these negotiations continue, we may deliver product at prices or at volumes below the requirements in our existing supply agreements. An executed order specifying the type and quantity of product to be delivered, in combination with the noted agreements, comprise our contracts in these arrangements. Service We derive our service revenues primarily through the provision of transportation, equipment rental, and contract labor services to companies in the oil and gas industry. Transportation services typically consist of transporting customer proppant from storage facilities to proximal well-sites and are contracted through work orders executed under established pricing agreements. The amount invoiced reflects the transportation services rendered. Equipment rental services provide customers with use of either dedicated or nonspecific wellhead proppant delivery equipment solutions for contractual periods defined either through formal lease agreements or executed work orders under established pricing agreements. The amounts invoiced reflect the length of time the equipment set was utilized in the billing period. Contract labor services provide customers with proppant delivery equipment operators through work orders executed under established pricing agreements. The amounts invoiced reflect the amount of time our labor services were utilized in the billing period. We typically invoice our customers on a weekly or monthly basis; however, some customers receive invoices upon well-site operation completion. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. We typically recognize revenue for specific, dedicated equipment set rental arrangements under ASC 842, Leases. For the remaining components of service revenue, we have applied the practical expedient allowed under ASC 606-10-55-18 to recognize transportation revenues in proportion to the amount we have the right to invoice. Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations From time to time, we may enter into contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, such as work orders containing a combination of product, transportation, equipment rentals, and contract labor services. For these arrangements, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on relative standalone selling prices, or estimates of such prices, and recognize the related revenue as control of each individual product or service is transferred to the customer, in satisfaction of the corresponding performance obligations. We typically invoice our customers on a weekly or monthly basis; however, some customers received invoices upon well-site operation completion. Standard collection terms are net 30 days, although extended terms are offered in competitive situations. Taxes Collected from Customers and Remitted to Governmental Authorities. We exclude from our measurement of transaction prices all taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are both (i) imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and (ii) collected from customers. Accordingly, such tax amounts are not included as a component of net sales or cost of sales. See Note T - Revenue. Deferred Revenues For a limited number of customers, we enter into supply agreements which give customers the right to make advanced payments toward the purchase of certain products at specified volumes over an average initial period of one to fifteen years. These payments represent consideration that is unconditional and for which we have yet to transfer the related product. These payments are recorded as contract liabilities referred to as “deferred revenues” upon receipt and recognized as revenue upon delivery of the related product.
Unbilled Receivables	Unbilled ReceivablesRevenues recognized in advance of invoice issuance create assets referred to as “unbilled receivables.” Any portion of our unbilled receivables for which our right to consideration is conditional on a factor other than the passage of time is considered a contract asset. These assets are presented on a combined basis with accounts receivable and are converted to accounts receivable once billed.
Debt Issuance Costs	Debt Issuance CostsWe defer costs directly associated with acquiring third-party financing, primarily loan origination costs and related professional expenses. Debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized using the effective interest rate method over the term of our senior secured Term Loan facility and the straight-line method for our Revolver facility. Debt issuance costs related to long-term debt are reflected as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt.
Employee Benefit Plans	Employee Benefit PlansWe provide a range of benefits to our employees and retired employees, including pensions and post-retirement healthcare and life insurance benefits. We record annual amounts relating to these plans based on calculations specified by generally accepted accounting principles, which include various actuarial assumptions, including discount rates, assumed rates of returns, compensation increases, turnover rates, mortality tables, and healthcare cost trend rates. We review the actuarial assumptions on an annual basis and make modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is deemed appropriate to do so. As required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, the effect of the modifications is generally recorded or amortized over future periods. We believe that the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under the plans are reasonable based on advice from our actuaries and information as to assumptions used by other employers.
Environmental Costs	Environmental Costs Environmental costs, other than qualifying capital expenditures, are accrued at the time the exposure becomes known and costs can be reasonably estimated. Costs are accrued based upon management’s estimates of all direct costs, after taking into account expected reimbursement by third parties (primarily the sellers of acquired businesses) and are reviewed by outside consultants. Environmental costs are charged to expense unless a settlement with an indemnifying party has been reached.
Self-Insurance	Self-InsuranceWe are self-insured for various levels of employee health insurance coverage, workers’ compensation and third-party product liability claims alleging occupational disease. We purchase insurance coverage for claim amounts which exceed our self-insured retentions. Depending on the type of insurance, these self-insured retentions range from $0.1 million to $0.5 million per occurrence. Our insurance reserves are accrued based on estimates of the ultimate cost of claims expected to occur during the covered period. These estimates are prepared with the assistance of outside actuaries and consultants. Our actuaries periodically review the volume and amount of claims activity, and based upon their findings, we adjust our insurance reserves accordingly. The ultimate cost of claims for a covered period may differ from our original estimates. The current portion of our self-insurance reserves is included in accrued liabilities and the non-current portion is included in other long-term obligations in our Balance Sheets.
Research and Development Costs	Research and Development Costs We may incur immaterial internal research and development (“R&D”) expenditures, and research and development conducted for others, all of which are expensed as incurred, and included in selling, general and administrative expense. R&D costs may include, but are not limited to, research and administrative salaries, contractor fees, building costs, utilities, administrative expenses, and allocations of corporate costs.
Advertising Costs	Advertising CostsWe recognize advertising expense when incurred as selling, general and administrative expense.
Equity-based Compensation	Equity-based Compensation We grant stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units and performance share units to certain of our employees and directors under the Amended and Restated U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan. We recognize the cost of employee services rendered in exchange for awards of equity instruments. Vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units is based on the individual continuing to render service over a pre-defined vesting schedule, generally three years. Cash dividend equivalents are accrued and paid to the holders of time-based restricted stock units and restricted stock. The fair value of the restricted stock awards is equal to the market price of our stock at date of grant. The restricted award-related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. We grant performance share units to certain employees in which the number of shares of common stock ultimately received is determined based on achievement of certain performance thresholds over a specified performance period (generally three years) in accordance with the stock award agreement. Cash dividend equivalents are not accrued or paid on performance share units. We recognize expense based on the estimated vesting of our performance share units granted and the grant date market price. The estimated vesting of the performance share units is principally based on the probability of achieving certain financial performance levels during the vesting periods. In the period it becomes probable that the minimum performance criteria specified in the award agreement will be achieved, we recognize expense for the proportionate share of the total fair value of the award related to the vesting period that has already lapsed. The remaining fair value of the award is expensed on a straight-line basis over the remaining vesting period. We grant certain employees performance share units, the vesting of which is based on our total shareholder return (“TSR”) ranking among a peer group over a three-year period. The number of units that will vest will depend on the percentage ranking of our TSR compared to the TSRs for each of the companies in the peer group over the performance period. For these awards subject to market conditions, a binomial-lattice model (i.e., Monte Carlo simulation model) is used to fair value these awards at grant date. We also grant certain employees performance share units, the vesting of which is based on adjusted free cash flow ("ACF") targets. The number of ACF measured units that will vest will be based on ACF achievement versus target. The ACF targets are set annually and are approved by the Board of Directors. The related compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes Deferred taxes are recognized on the liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. This approach requires recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based upon the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the expenses are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We recognize a tax benefit associated with an uncertain tax position when, in management’s judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold, we initially and subsequently measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that we judge to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law developments and new or emerging legislation. Such adjustments are recognized entirely in the period in which they are identified. The effective tax rate includes the net impact of changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and subsequent adjustments as considered appropriate by management.
Foreign Currency Translation	Foreign Currency Translation For our operations in countries where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, balance sheet amounts are translated using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Income statement amounts are translated monthly using the average exchange rate for the respective month. The gains and losses resulting from the changes in exchange rates from year-to-year are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss as currency translation adjustments, net of tax. Any gains or losses on transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are included in other income (expense), net, including interest income.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Comprehensive Income (loss) In addition to net income (loss), comprehensive income (loss) includes all changes in equity during a period, such as adjustments to minimum pension liabilities and the effective portion of changes in fair value of derivative instruments that qualify as cash flow hedges.
Business Combinations	Business CombinationsWe account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets, including separately identifiable intangible assets and any assumed liabilities, are recorded at their acquisition date estimated fair value. The excess of purchase price over the fair value amounts assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed represents the goodwill amount resulting from the acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions.
New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted	New Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted None. New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting followed by ASU 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, issued in January 2021, to provide clarifying guidance regarding the scope of Topic 848. ASU 2020-04 was issued to provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. Generally, the guidance is to be applied as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 are effective for all entities through December 31, 2022. In April 2022, the FASB proposed to extend the effective date through December 31, 2024 and affirmed this decision in December 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we have not elected to use the optional guidance and continue to evaluate the options provided by ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01. See Note K - Debt for discussion of the use of the adjusted LIBOR rate in connection with borrowings under our senior secured revolving credit facility.
Fair Value Measurement	Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3—Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Cash Equivalents Due to the short-term maturity, we believe our cash equivalent instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximate their reported carrying values, therefore we have classified our cash equivalents as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-Term Debt, Including Current Maturities We believe that the fair values of our long-term debt, including current maturities, approximate their carrying values based on their effective interest rates compared to current market rates, therefore we have classified our long-term debt as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
Derivative Instruments	Derivative Instruments The estimated fair value of our derivative instruments is recorded at each reporting period and is determined based on inputs that are readily available in public markets or can be derived from information available in publicly quoted markets. Therefore, we have classified these swap agreements as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:


In thousands, except per share amounts	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding	75,512		74,350		73,634
Diluted effect of stock awards	2,158		—		—
Weighted average shares outstanding assuming dilution	77,670		74,350		73,634

Earnings (loss) per share attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.:
Basic earnings (loss) per share	$	1.04	$	(0.45)	$	(1.55)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share	$	1.01	$	(0.45)	$	(1.55)

Schedule of Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

Certain stock options, restricted stock awards and performance share units were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Such potentially dilutive shares and stock awards (in thousands) excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share were as follows:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022	2021	2020
Potentially dilutive shares excluded	—	1,714	238
Stock options excluded	509	667	826
Restricted stock and performance share units awards excluded	36	66	3,435

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component (in thousands):


	For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
	Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges		Foreign currency translation adjustments		Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability		Total
Beginning Balance	$	—	$	(417)	$	766	$	349
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(2,342)		(845)		1,172		(2,015)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	—		—		(57)		(57)
Ending Balance	$	(2,342)	$	(1,262)	$	1,881	$	(1,723)

Accounts Receivable (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Trade receivables	$	209,683	$	182,992
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(5,691)		(5,248)
Net trade receivables	203,992		177,744
Other receivables(1)	4,639		25,015
Total accounts receivable	$	208,631	$	202,759


(1)At December 31, 2022 and 2021, other receivables included zero and $21.5 million of refunds related to NOL carryback claims filed for various tax years in accordance with certain provisions of the CARES Act.

The following table reflects the change of the allowance for credit losses (in thousands) disaggregated by portfolio segments:


	Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021	$	4,625	$	623	$	5,248
Allowance for credit losses	(469)		1,086		617
Write-offs	(128)		(46)		(174)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	$	4,028	$	1,663	$	5,691

Inventories (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventories

Inventories (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Supplies	$	54,805	$	45,605
Raw materials and work in process	47,042		36,529
Finished goods	45,779		33,579
Total inventories	$	147,626	$	115,713

Property, Plant and Mine Development (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Mine Development

Property, plant and mine development (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Mining property and mine development	$	789,601	$	789,122
Asset retirement cost	8,869		22,283
Land	53,128		55,541
Land improvements	76,456		76,248
Buildings	73,151		72,207
Machinery and equipment	1,217,933		1,189,548
Furniture and fixtures	3,922		3,932
Construction-in-progress	55,696		35,060
	2,278,756		2,243,941
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment charges	(1,099,922)		(985,295)
Total property, plant and mine development, net	$	1,178,834	$	1,258,646

Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in the Carrying Amount of Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill (in thousands) by business segment consisted of the following:


	Oil & Gas Proppants Segment		Industrial & Specialty Products Segment		Total
Balance at December 31, 2020	$	—	$	185,649	$	185,649

Impairment losses	—		—		—

Balance at December 31, 2021	—		185,649		185,649

Impairment losses	—		—		—
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	—	$	185,649	$	185,649

Schedule of Changes in the Carrying Amount of Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net

Technology and intellectual property	$	71,651	$	(29,990)	$	—	$	41,661	$	71,209	$	(25,069)	$	(38)	$	46,102
Customer relationships	66,999		(32,791)		—		34,208		66,999		(27,987)		—		39,012
Total definite-lived intangible assets:	$	138,650	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	75,869	$	138,208	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	85,114
Trade names	64,240		—		—		64,240		64,240		—		—		64,240
Other	700		—		—		700		700		—		—		700
Total intangible assets:	$	203,590	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	140,809	$	203,148	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	150,054

Schedule of Changes in the Carrying Amount of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

The changes in the carrying amount of intangible assets (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022								December 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Impairments		Net

Technology and intellectual property	$	71,651	$	(29,990)	$	—	$	41,661	$	71,209	$	(25,069)	$	(38)	$	46,102
Customer relationships	66,999		(32,791)		—		34,208		66,999		(27,987)		—		39,012
Total definite-lived intangible assets:	$	138,650	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	75,869	$	138,208	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	85,114
Trade names	64,240		—		—		64,240		64,240		—		—		64,240
Other	700		—		—		700		700		—		—		700
Total intangible assets:	$	203,590	$	(62,781)	$	—	$	140,809	$	203,148	$	(53,056)	$	(38)	$	150,054

Schedule of Estimated Amortization Expense Related to Definite-Lived Intangible Assets

At December 31, 2022, the estimated amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets (in thousands) for the five succeeding years is as follows:


2023	$	9,696
2024	$	9,698
2025	$	9,696
2026	$	9,696
2027	$	9,696

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of goodwill by reportable segment and in total which includes a rollforward schedule.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (h)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (c)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (g)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (e)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (d)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1A
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=SL108378252-109267

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (f)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13854-109267

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 55
-Paragraph 24
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122137925&loc=d3e14258-109268

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121556970&loc=d3e13816-109267

+ Details

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Payables and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2022		2021
Trade payables	$	182,555	$	134,494
Accrued salaries and wages	10,911		11,347
Accrued vacation liability	3,093		2,847
Current portion of liability for pension and post-retirement benefits	1,118		1,227
Accrued healthcare liability	1,492		1,619
Accrued property taxes and sales taxes	4,287		4,625

Current portion of derivative liability	2,312		—
Other accrued liabilities	10,471		11,511
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	216,239	$	167,670

Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

Debt (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Senior secured credit facility:
Revolver expiring May 1, 2023 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 4.13% at December 31, 2021)	$	—	$	—
Term Loan facility—final maturity May 1, 2025 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 5.00% December 31, 2021)	1,059,062		1,222,000
Less: Unamortized original issue discount	(2,035)		(3,350)
Less: Unamortized debt issuance cost	(8,922)		(15,200)
Insurance financing notes payable	5,628		4,424
Finance leases	3,260		3,546
Total debt	1,056,993		1,211,420
Less: current portion	(19,535)		(18,285)
Total long-term portion of debt	$	1,037,458	$	1,193,135

Schedule of Contractual Maturities of Debt

At December 31, 2022, contractual maturities of our senior secured Credit Facility (in thousands) are as follows:


2023	$	12,800
2024	12,800
2025	1,033,462
2026	—
2027	—
Thereafter	—
Total	$	1,059,062

Asset Retirement Obligations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Asset Retirement Obligation Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Changes in Asset Retirement Obligations

Changes in the asset retirement obligations (in thousands) are as follows:


	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning balance	$	32,049	$	24,717
Accretion	1,498		1,450
Additions and revisions of estimates	(12,753)		5,882
Payments	(62)		—
Ending balance	$	20,732	$	32,049

Derivative Instruments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Estimated Fair Values of Derivative Instruments


	December 31, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Maturity Date	Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Maturity Date	Contract/Notional Amount	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC	2023	1,200,000	$	(1,887)	$	(1,887)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC	2024	870,000	$	(656)	$	(656)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2023	300,000	$	(425)	$	(425)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2024	120,000	$	(85)	$	(85)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX	2025	90,000	$	(35)	$	(35)	N/A	—	$	—	$	—

Schedule of Effect of Derivatives Instruments on Combined Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income

The following table summarizes the effect of derivative instruments (in thousands) on our income statements and our consolidated statements of comprehensive income:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Deferred losses from derivatives in OCI, beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	(3,053)
(Loss) gain recognized in OCI from derivative instruments	(2,342)		—		3,053

Deferred losses from derivatives in OCI, end of period	$	(2,342)	$	—	$	—

Equity-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock Options Activity

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our stock option awards:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Aggregate Intrinsic Value		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	666,718	$	30.84	$	—	2.4 years
Granted	—	$	—	$	—
Exercised	(90,000)	$	10.61	$	613
Forfeited	—	$	—	$	—
Expired	(68,195)	$	17.46	$	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	508,523	$	36.22	$	—	2.0 years
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	508,523	$	36.22	$	—	2.0 years

The following table summarizes stock option exercise activity:


	As of December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Options exercised (in actual shares)	90,000		10,164		—
Intrinsic value of options exercised (in thousands)	$	613	$	44	$	—
Cash received from options exercised (in thousands)	$	955	$	105	$	—
Tax benefit realized from options exercised (in thousands)	$	148	$	11	$	—

Schedule of Restricted Stock, Restricted Stock Unit and Performance Share Unit Awards Activity

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our unvested restricted stock awards:


	Number of Shares	Grant Date Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2021	1,144,310	$	8.37
Granted	728,357	$	10.74
Vested	(401,555)	$	8.97
Forfeited	(32,726)	$	9.82
Unvested, December 31, 2022	1,438,386	$	9.37

The following table summarizes the status of, and changes in, our performance share unit awards:


	Number of Shares	Grant Date Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested, December 31, 2021	1,914,589	$	9.77
Granted	920,681	$	11.79
Vested	(497,401)	$	14.56
Forfeited/Cancelled	(45,118)	$	11.30
Unvested, December 31, 2022	2,292,751	$	9.51

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Future Minimum Annual Commitments

Future Minimum Annual Commitments (in thousands):


Year ending December 31,	Minimum Purchase Commitments
2023	$	10,606
2024	4,295
2025	2,886
2026	2,180
2027	1,880
Thereafter	7,484
Total future purchase commitments	$	29,331

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Schedule of Net Pension Benefit Cost

Net pension benefit cost (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	2,516	$	2,855	$	2,253
Interest cost	3,120		2,619		4,037
Expected return on plan assets	(5,887)		(5,688)		(6,019)
Net amortization and deferral	2,249		3,212		3,127
Net pension benefit costs	$	1,998	$	2,998	$	3,398

Net post-retirement benefit cost (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Service cost	$	18	$	24	$	70
Interest cost	180		141		584

Unrecognized net (gain)/loss	(2,360)		(2,204)		—
Net post-retirement benefit costs	$	(2,162)	$	(2,039)	$	654

Schedule of Changes in Benefit Obligations and Plan Assets

The changes in benefit obligations and plan assets (in thousands), as well as the funded status (in thousands) of our pension and post-retirement plans were as follows:


	Pension Benefits				Post-retirement Benefits
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Benefit obligation at January 1,	$	144,251	$	157,198	$	9,391	$	11,318
Service cost	2,516		2,855		18		24
Interest cost	3,120		2,619		180		141
Actuarial (gain) loss	(28,494)		(6,637)		(1,566)		(3,193)
Benefits paid	(9,486)		(9,551)		(504)		(680)
Other	340		(2,233)		58		1,781
Benefit obligation at December 31,	$	112,247	$	144,251	$	7,577	$	9,391
Fair value of plan assets at January 1,	$	120,911	$	120,563	$	—	$	—
Actual return on plan assets	(22,507)		7,099		—		—
Employer contributions	—		2,800		446		579
Benefits paid	(9,486)		(9,551)		(504)		(680)
Other	1		—		58		101
Fair value of plan assets at December 31,	$	88,919	$	120,911	$	—	$	—
Plan assets less than benefit obligations at December 31 recognized as liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	$	(23,328)	$	(23,340)	$	(7,577)	$	(9,391)

Schedule of Estimated Future Pension and Post-Retirement Benefit Payments

Future estimated annual benefit payments (in thousands) for pension and post-retirement benefit obligations were as follows:


	Benefits
			Post-retirement
	Pension		Before Medicare Subsidy		After Medicare Subsidy
2023	$	9,489	$	996	$	996
2024	9,466		942		942
2025	9,323		844		844
2026	9,250		791		791
2027	9,072		729		729
2028-2032	42,390		2,715		2,715

Schedule of Weighted-Average Assumptions Used to Determine Benefit Obligations

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine our obligations under the plans:

Pension Benefits

Post-retirement Benefits

2022

2021

2022

2021

Discount rate

5.2

2.8

5.1

2.6

Long-term rate of compensation increase

N/A

Long-term rate of return on plan assets

6.0

5.8%

N/A

Health care cost trend rate:

Pre-65 initial rate/ultimate rate

N/A

6.8%/4.5%

6.2%/4.5%

Pre-65 ultimate year

N/A

2031

2028

Post-65 initial rate/ultimate rate

N/A

N/A/N/A

Post-65 ultimate year

N/A

Schedule of Mortality Tables Used

Mortality tables used for pension benefits and post-retirement benefits plans were the following:


	Pension and Post-retirement Benefits
	2022	2021
Healthy Lives	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021
Disabled Lives	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021	Pri-2012 base mortality tables with generational mortality improvements using Scale MP-2021

Schedule of Major Investments Categories and Their Relative Percentage of the Fair Value to Total Plan Assets

The major investment categories and their relative percentage of the fair value of total plan assets as invested were as follows:


	Pension Benefits				Post-retirement Benefits(1)
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Equity securities	54.3	%	51.6	%	—	%	—	%
Debt securities	44.2	%	46.1	%	—	%	—	%
Cash	1.5	%	2.3	%	—	%	—	%


(1)Retiree health benefits are paid by the Company as covered expenses are incurred.

Schedule of Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets by Asset Category

The fair values of the pension plan assets (in thousands) at December 31, 2022, by asset category, were as follows:


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	1,362	$	—	$	1,362
Mutual funds:
Diversified emerging markets	4,221		—		—		4,221
Foreign large blend	16,740		—		—		16,740
Large-cap blend	15,464		—		—		15,464
Mid-cap blend	7,720		—		—		7,720
Real Assets	4,144		—		—		4,144

Fixed income securities:
Corporate notes and bonds	27,892		—		—		27,892
U.S. Treasuries	5,223		—		—		5,223
Mortgage-backed securities	—		3,000		—		3,000
Asset-backed securities	—		3,153		—		3,153

Net asset	$	81,404	$	7,515	$	—	$	88,919

The fair values of the pension plan assets (in thousands) at December 31, 2021, by asset category, were as follows:


	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	$	—	$	2,743	$	—	$	2,743
Mutual funds:
Diversified emerging markets	6,375		—		—		6,375
Foreign large blend	21,719		—		—		21,719
Large-cap blend	22,907		—		—		22,907
Mid-cap blend	11,411		—		—		11,411
Real estate	—		—		—		—
Fixed income securities:
Corporate notes and bonds	35,365		—		—		35,365
U.S. Treasuries	6,915		—		—		6,915
Mortgage-backed securities	—		2,242		—		2,242
Asset-backed securities	—		1,739		—		1,739
Real Assets	—		9,495		—		9,495
Net asset	$	104,692	$	16,219	$	—	$	120,911

Schedule of Summary of Multiemployer Pension Plan

A summary of each multiemployer pension plan for which we participate is presented below:

Pension
Fund

EIN/ Pension
Plan No.

Pension Protection Act

Zone Status(1)

FIP/RP Status
Pending/
Implemented

Company
Contributions
(in thousands)

Surcharge
Imposed

Expiration
Date of
CBA

2022

2021

2022

2021

2020

LIUNA

52-6074345/001

Green

395

378

361

6/7/2025

IUOE

36-6052390/001

Green

376

328

256

8/1/2027

CSSS(2)

36-6044243/001

Red

Yes

(1)The Pension Protection Act of 2006 defines the zone status as follows: green—healthy, yellow—endangered, orange—seriously endangered and red—critical.

(2)In 2011, we withdrew from the Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan. The withdrawal liability of $1.0 million will be paid in monthly installments of $4,000 until 2031.

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of information about multiemployer plan.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (f)(2)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (d)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (c)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (e)(1)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 55
-Paragraph 8
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=35742348&loc=SL14450788-114948

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
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-Section 50
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-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450691-114947

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (e)(2)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450691-114947

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (f)(1)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 715
-SubTopic 80
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65877416&loc=SL14450657-114947

+ Details

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (in thousands except for term and rate information) was as follows:


Leases	Classification	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Operating	Lease right-of-use assets	$	39,088	$	38,793
Finance	Lease right-of-use assets	3,286		3,448
Total leased assets		$	42,374	$	42,241
Liabilities
Current
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	19,773	$	14,469
Finance	Current portion of long-term debt	1,107		1,061
Non-Current
Operating	Operating lease liabilities	64,478		75,130
Finance	Long-term debt, net	2,153		2,485
Total lease liabilities		$	87,511	$	93,145


Lease Term and Discount Rate	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	6.4 years		6.9 years
Finance leases	4.4 years		3.6 years

Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	5.7	%	5.7	%
Finance leases	5.1	%	5.1	%

Schedule of Components of Lease Expense and Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The components of lease expense included in our Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows:


Lease Costs	Classification	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Operating lease costs (1)	Cost of Sales	$	38,576	$	33,185
Operating lease costs (2)	Selling, general, and administrative	1,641		1,880

Total (3)		$	40,217	$	35,065

(1) Included short-term operating lease costs of $23.5 million and $17.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) Included short-term operating lease costs of $0.5 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(3) Does not include expense of $1.5 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 for finance leases.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:


	Year Ended December 31, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$	22,410	$	24,451
Financing cash flows for finance leases	$	1,576	$	759

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	$	14,744	$	17,350
Finance leases	$	2,536	$	3,815

Schedule of Maturity of Operating Lease Liabilities

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:


Maturities of lease liabilities	Operating leases		Finance leases
2023	$	24,707	$	1,249
2024	20,230		1,123
2025	14,725		842
2026	11,812		271
2027	8,281		33
Thereafter	23,701		—
Total lease payments	$	103,456	$	3,518
Less: Interest	16,715		258
Less: Other operating expenses	2,490		—
Total	$	84,251	$	3,260

Schedule of Maturities of Finance Lease Liabilities

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022:


Maturities of lease liabilities	Operating leases		Finance leases
2023	$	24,707	$	1,249
2024	20,230		1,123
2025	14,725		842
2026	11,812		271
2027	8,281		33
Thereafter	23,701		—
Total lease payments	$	103,456	$	3,518
Less: Interest	16,715		258
Less: Other operating expenses	2,490		—
Total	$	84,251	$	3,260

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Income before Income Tax, Domestic and Foreign

Income (loss) before income taxes (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
United States	$	87,686	$	(48,328)	$	(183,656)
Foreign	16,313		11,252		8,509
Total	$	103,999	$	(37,076)	$	(175,147)

Schedule of Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

Income tax (expense) benefit (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Current:
Federal	$	(1,650)	$	—	$	—
State	(3,078)		(3,353)		(307)
Foreign	(491)		(1,385)		(1,473)
	(5,219)		(4,738)		(1,780)
Deferred:
Federal	(17,881)		7,589		57,214
State	(3,059)		(96)		4,591
Foreign	—		—		—
	(20,940)		7,493		61,805
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(26,159)	$	2,755	$	60,025

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate on Pretax Earnings

Income tax (expense) benefit (in thousands) differed from the amount that would be provided by applying the U.S. federal statutory rate due to the following:


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Income tax (expense) benefit computed at U.S. federal statutory rate	$	(21,838)	$	7,786	$	36,781
Decrease (increase) resulting from:
Statutory depletion	2,963		2,012		1,230

Prior year tax return reconciliation	(1,564)		(2,490)		(2,084)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	(4,003)		445		5,013
Impact of international operations	(830)		(380)		(795)
Unrecognized tax benefits	(89)		(1,302)		—
Adjustment to deferred taxes from the CARES Act	—		—		22,318
Equity compensation	(195)		(627)		(1,477)
Executive compensation	(300)		(2,092)		(579)
Other, net	(303)		(597)		(382)
Income tax (expense) benefit	$	(26,159)	$	2,755	$	60,025

Schedule of Tax Effects on Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effects of the types of temporary differences and carry forwards that gave rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands) consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2022		2021
Gross deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forward and state tax credits	$	54,638	$	77,327
Pension and post-retirement benefit costs	6,789		7,318

Property, plant and equipment	5,935		8,619
Accrued expenses	18,232		14,930
Inventories	—		1,200
Federal tax credits	1,047		4,188
Stock-based compensation expense	6,374		4,359
Interest expense limitation	19,826		16,921
Intangibles	6,366		7,876
Lease obligation liability	11,393		13,297
Other	5,886		4,399
Total deferred tax assets	136,486		160,434
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Land and mineral property basis difference	(124,669)		(121,211)
Fixed assets and depreciation	(74,714)		(83,708)
Inventories	(1,170)		—

Other	(569)		(289)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(201,122)		(205,208)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(64,636)	$	(44,774)

Schedule of Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward

The following table is a reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Balance as of January 1	$	856	$	—	$	—
Additions for tax positions of prior years	—		856		—
Balance as of December 31	$	856	$	856	$	—

Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Sales by Major Source

The following table reflects our sales disaggregated by major source (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31, 2022						Year Ended December 31, 2021
Category	Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total Sales		Oil & Gas Proppants		Industrial & Specialty Products		Total Sales
Product	$	576,293	$	563,480	$	1,139,773	$	407,772	$	488,431	$	896,203
Service	385,374		—		385,374		207,676		—		207,676
Total Sales	$	961,667	$	563,480	$	1,525,147	$	615,448	$	488,431	$	1,103,879

Schedule of Changes in Contract Assets and Liabilities

The following tables reflect the changes in our contract assets, which we classify as unbilled receivables and our contract liabilities, which we classify as deferred revenues (in thousands):


	Unbilled Receivables
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning Balance	$	1,957	$	47,982
Reclassifications to billed receivables	(4,457)		(105,305)
Revenues recognized in excess of period billings	2,500		59,280
Ending Balance	$	—	$	1,957


	Deferred Revenue
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Beginning Balance	$	20,741	$	33,692
Revenues recognized from balances held at the beginning of the period	(3,905)		(13,172)
Revenues deferred from period collections on unfulfilled performance obligations	27,398		5,207
Revenues recognized from period collections	(13,482)		(4,986)
Ending Balance	$	30,752	$	20,741

Schedule of Information Related to Foreign Operations

The following table includes information related to our foreign operations (in thousands):


	For the years ended
	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Total Sales	$	112,753	$	96,317	$	86,179
Pre-tax income	$	16,313	$	11,252	$	8,509
Net income	$	12,887	$	8,889	$	6,722

Segment Reporting (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Sales and Segment Contribution Margin for Reporting Segments and Operating Results

The following table presents sales and segment contribution margin (in thousands) for the reportable segments and other operating results not allocated to the reported segments:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
Sales:
Oil & Gas Proppants	$	961,667	$	615,448	$	414,897
Industrial & Specialty Products	563,480		488,431		430,988
Total sales	1,525,147		1,103,879		845,885
Segment contribution margin:
Oil & Gas Proppants	301,837		160,052		142,041
Industrial & Specialty Products	170,280		168,499		159,176
Total segment contribution margin	472,117		328,551		301,217
Operating activities excluded from segment cost of sales	(17,159)		(19,655)		(30,402)
Selling, general and administrative	(143,838)		(119,628)		(124,171)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(140,166)		(161,131)		(155,568)
Goodwill and other asset impairments	—		(202)		(110,688)
Interest expense	(77,598)		(71,157)		(79,885)
Other income, net, including interest income	10,643		6,146		24,350
Income tax (expense) benefit	(26,159)		2,755		60,025
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Parent Company Financials (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Condensed Financial Information Disclosure [Abstract]

Condensed Balance Sheets

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS


	December 31,
	2022		2021
	(in thousands)
ASSETS
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	48,398	$	46,996
Other receivables	275		—
Due from affiliates	160,315		165,632
Total current assets	208,988		212,628
Investment in subsidiaries	495,776		401,691
Total assets	$	704,764	$	614,319
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$	50	$	50
Dividends payable	20		186
Total current liabilities	70		236
Total liabilities	70		236
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock	—		—
Common stock	854		845
Additional paid-in capital	1,234,834		1,218,575
Retained deficit	(351,084)		(429,260)
Treasury stock, at cost	(186,196)		(186,294)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,723)		349
Total U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. stockholders’ equity	696,685		604,215
Non-controlling interest	8,009		9,868
Total stockholders' equity	704,694		614,083
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	704,764	$	614,319

Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Sales	$	—	$	—	$	—
Cost of sales	—		—		—
Operating expenses
Selling, general and administrative	253		252		253
Total operating expenses	253		252		253
Operating loss	(253)		(252)		(253)
Other income (expense)
Interest income	565		5		210
Total other income	565		5		210
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312		(247)		(43)
Income tax expense	—		—		—
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312		(247)		(43)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax	77,528		(34,074)		(115,079)
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	78,176	$	(33,761)	$	(114,094)

Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (net of tax of $(746), $0, and $973 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively)	(2,342)		—		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment (net of tax of $(269), $(309), and $444 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(845)		(1,000)		1,391
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustment (net of tax of $355, $3,131, and $2,207 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	1,115		9,828		6,931
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	75,768	$	(25,493)	$	(103,747)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)		(560)		(1,028)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$	76,104	$	(24,933)	$	(102,719)

Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY


(amounts in thousands)	Par Value		Treasury Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Deficit - Present		Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total U.S. Silica, Inc. Stockholders' Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance at January 1, 2020	$	823	$	(180,912)	$	1,185,116	$	(279,956)	$	(19,854)	$	705,217	$	11,363	$	716,580
Net loss	—		—		—		(114,094)		—		(114,094)		(1,028)		(115,122)
Unrealized gain on derivatives	—		—		—		—		3,053		3,053		—		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		1,391		1,391		—		1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		6,931		6,931		—		6,931
Cash dividend declared ($0.02 per share)	—		—		—		(1,446)		—		(1,446)		—		(1,446)
Contributions from non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		1,196		1,196
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		14,911		—		—		14,911		—		14,911

Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	4		(703)		(4)		—		—		(703)		—		(703)

Balance at December 31, 2020	$	827	$	(181,615)	$	1,200,023	$	(395,496)	$	(8,479)	$	615,260	$	11,531	$	626,791
Net loss	—		—		—		(33,761)		—		(33,761)		(560)		(34,321)

Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		(1,000)		(1,000)		—		(1,000)
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		9,828		9,828		—		9,828
Cash dividends	—		—		—		(3)		—		(3)		—		(3)
Distributions to non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,103)		(1,103)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		18,809		—		—		18,809		—		18,809
Proceeds from options exercised	—		344		(239)		—		—		105		—		105
Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	18		(5,023)		(18)		—		—		(5,023)		—		(5,023)
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	845	$	(186,294)	$	1,218,575	$	(429,260)	$	349	$	604,215	$	9,868	$	614,083
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		78,176		—		78,176		(336)		77,840
Unrealized loss on derivatives	—		—		—		—		(2,342)		(2,342)		—		(2,342)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—		—		—		(845)		(845)		—		(845)
Pension and post-retirement liability	—		—		—		—		1,115		1,115		—		1,115
Cash dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Distributions to non-controlling interest	—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,523)		(1,523)
Common stock-based compensation plans activity:
Equity-based compensation	—		—		18,364		—		—		18,364		—		18,364
Proceeds from options exercised	—		3,051		(2,096)		—		—		955		—		955
Shares withheld for employee taxes related to vested restricted stock and stock units	9		(2,953)		(9)		—		—		(2,953)		—		(2,953)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	854	$	(186,196)	$	1,234,834	$	(351,084)	$	(1,723)	$	696,685	$	8,009	$	704,694

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

U.S. SILICA HOLDINGS, INC.

(PARENT COMPANY ONLY)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Year ended December 31,
	2022		2021		2020
	(in thousands)
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	77,840	$	(34,321)	$	(115,122)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Undistributed (income) loss from equity method investment, net	(77,528)		34,074		115,079
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:
Other receivables	(275)		—		—
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	—		(236)		155
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	37		(483)		112
Investing activities:
Investment in subsidiary	—		—		—
Net cash used in investing activities	—		—		—
Financing activities:
Dividends paid	(164)		(26)		(6,185)

Proceeds from options exercised	955		105		—
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)		(5,023)		(703)
(Distributions to) contributions from non-controlling interest	(1,523)		(1,103)		1,196
Net financing activities with subsidiaries	5,050		6,675		582
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,365		628		(5,110)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	1,402		145		(4,998)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	46,996		46,851		51,849
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	48,398	$	46,996	$	46,851
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash received during the period for:
Interest	$	(565)	$	(17)	$	(210)

Impairments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Disclosure Text Block Supplement [Abstract]

Schedule of Asset Impairment Charges

We recorded impairment charges (in thousands) for the following assets:


Description	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Inventories, net	$	—	$	—	$	6,837
Property, plant and mine development, net	—		164		11,822
Operating lease right-of-use assets	—		—		3,406
Goodwill	—		—		86,100
Intangible assets, net	—		38		2,523
Total	$	—	$	202	$	110,688

Organization (Details) - 12 months ended Dec. 31, 2022	yr	segment	Segment
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of years in business	123
Number of reportable segments		2	2

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Percent or reporting unit fair value less than carrying value	50.00%
Amortization included in interest expense	$ 4.8	$ 5.1	$ 5.1
Self-insurance reserves	5.6	5.8
Self-insurance reserves classified as current	$ 1.8	$ 2.1
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
Performance Share Units
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
Performance Share Units \| Certain Employees
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
Intellectual property
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	15 years
Minimum
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Self-insurance retention amount	$ 0.1
Minimum \| Supply Agreement
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, average initial contract term	1 year
Minimum \| Customer relationships
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	13 years
Maximum
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Self-insurance retention amount	$ 0.5
Maximum \| Supply Agreement
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, average initial contract term	15 years
Maximum \| Customer relationships
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	20 years
Buildings
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and mine equipment	15 years
Land improvements
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and mine equipment	10 years
Machinery and equipment \| Minimum
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and mine equipment	3 years
Machinery and equipment \| Maximum
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and mine equipment	10 years
Furniture and fixtures
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of property, plant and mine equipment	8 years

Earnings Per Share - Computation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Numerator:
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	$ 78,176	$ (33,761)	$ (114,094)
Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding, basic (shares)	75,512	74,350	73,634
Diluted effect of stock awards (shares)	2,158	0	0
Weighted average shares outstanding assuming dilution (shares)	77,670	74,350	73,634
Earnings (loss) per share attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.:
Basic earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.04	$ (0.45)	$ (1.55)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ 1.01	$ (0.45)	$ (1.55)

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.

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+ Details

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.

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- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

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Earnings Per Share - Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Calculation of Diluted Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Potentially dilutive shares excluded
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share (shares)	0	1,714	238
Stock options excluded
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share (shares)	509	667	826
Restricted stock and performance share units awards excluded
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings (loss) per common share (shares)	36	66	3,435

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) - Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 614,083	$ 626,791	$ 716,580
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(2,015)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(57)
Ending Balance	704,694	614,083	626,791
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	0	0	(3,053)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(2,342)	0	3,053
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0
Ending Balance	(2,342)	0	0
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	(417)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(845)
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	0
Ending Balance	(1,262)	(417)
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	766
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	1,172
Amounts reclassed from accumulated other comprehensive loss	(57)
Ending Balance	1,881	766
Total
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	349	(8,479)	(19,854)
Ending Balance	$ (1,723)	$ 349	$ (8,479)

- Definition

Amount of stockholders' equity (deficit), net of receivables from officers, directors, owners, and affiliates of the entity, attributable to both the parent and noncontrolling interests. Amount excludes temporary equity. Alternate caption for the concept is permanent equity.

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-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120409616&loc=SL4590271-111686

Reference 23: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 944
-SubTopic 40
-Section 65
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (f)(1)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=124501264&loc=SL117420844-207641

Reference 24: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 830
-SubTopic 30
-Section 45
-Paragraph 20
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=118261656&loc=d3e32211-110900

Reference 25: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 810
-SubTopic 10
-Section 45
-Paragraph 15
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126929396&loc=SL4568447-111683

Reference 26: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 718
-SubTopic 10
-Section 65
-Paragraph 15
-Subparagraph (f)(1)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=128097895&loc=SL121327923-165333

Reference 27: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (b)(3)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=124431687&loc=d3e22499-107794

Reference 28: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 718
-SubTopic 10
-Section 65
-Paragraph 15
-Subparagraph (e)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=128097895&loc=SL121327923-165333

+ Details

Business Combinations - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended
Business Combinations - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2021	Mar. 31, 2020
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Business Combination, Bargain Purchase, Gain, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]		Other income, net, including interest income
Arrows Up LLC \| SandBox Logistics
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Consideration paid		$ 0
Fair value of assets acquired		20,100,000
Fair value of liabilities assumed		2,500,000
Gain on bargain purchase recognized		$ 17,600,000
Increase in accounts receivable	$ 100,000
Net decrease to initial gain on bargain purchase	$ 2,400,000

Accounts Receivable (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Receivables [Abstract]
Trade receivables	$ 209,683,000	$ 182,992,000
Less: Allowance for credit losses	(5,691,000)	(5,248,000)
Net trade receivables	203,992,000	177,744,000
Other receivables	4,639,000	25,015,000
Total accounts receivable	208,631,000	202,759,000
Net NOL carryback claims receivable under CARES Act	$ 0	$ 21,500,000

Accounts Receivable - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable Roll Forward
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021	$ 5,248
Allowance for credit losses	617	$ (455)	$ 1,510
Write-offs	(174)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	5,691	5,248
Oil & Gas Proppants
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable Roll Forward
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021	4,625
Allowance for credit losses	(469)
Write-offs	(128)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	4,028	4,625
Industrial & Specialty Products
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable Roll Forward
Beginning balance, December 31, 2021	623
Allowance for credit losses	1,086
Write-offs	(46)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	$ 1,663	$ 623

Accounts Receivable - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Accounts Receivable - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales \| Ten Largest Customers
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	40.00%	40.00%	34.00%

Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Supplies	$ 54,805	$ 45,605
Raw materials and work in process	47,042	36,529
Finished goods	45,779	33,579
Total inventories	$ 147,626	$ 115,713

Property, Plant and Mine Development (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	$ 2,278,756	$ 2,243,941
Accumulated depletion, depreciation, amortization and impairment charges	(1,099,922)	(985,295)
Total property, plant and mine development, net	1,178,834	1,258,646
Mining property and mine development
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	789,601	789,122
Asset retirement cost
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	8,869	22,283
Land
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	53,128	55,541
Land improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	76,456	76,248
Buildings
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	73,151	72,207
Machinery and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	1,217,933	1,189,548
Furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	3,922	3,932
Construction-in-progress
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and mine development, gross	$ 55,696	$ 35,060

Property, Plant and Mine Development - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	$ 140,166	$ 161,131	$ 155,568
Property, Plant and Mine Development
Property, Plant and Equipment
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	$ 128,400	$ 149,600

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Changes in Carrying Amount of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 185,649	$ 185,649
Impairment losses	0	0	$ (86,100)
Ending balance	185,649	185,649	185,649
Oil & Gas Proppants
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	0	0
Impairment losses	0	0
Ending balance	0	0	0
Industrial & Specialty Products
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	185,649	185,649
Impairment losses	0	0
Ending balance	$ 185,649	$ 185,649	$ 185,649

- Definition

Amount after accumulated impairment loss of an asset representing future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.

+ References + Details

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Goodwill and intangible asset impairment	$ 0	$ 0
Amortization expense	$ 9,700,000	$ 9,700,000	$ 10,300,000
Technology and intellectual property
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	15 years
Minimum \| Customer relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	13 years
Maximum \| Customer relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Estimated useful live of finite-lived intangible assets	20 years

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Changes in the Carrying Amount of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	$ 138,650	$ 138,208
Accumulated Amortization	(62,781)	(53,056)
Impairments	0	(38)
Net	75,869	85,114
Total Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	203,590	203,148
Accumulated Amortization	(62,781)	(53,056)
Impairments	0	(38)
Net	140,809	150,054
Trade names
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	64,240	64,240
Impairments	0	0
Net	64,240	64,240
Other
Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	700	700
Impairments	0	0
Net	700	700
Technology and intellectual property
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	71,651	71,209
Accumulated Amortization	(29,990)	(25,069)
Impairments	0	(38)
Net	41,661	46,102
Total Intangible Assets
Accumulated Amortization	(29,990)	(25,069)
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets
Gross Carrying Amount	66,999	66,999
Accumulated Amortization	(32,791)	(27,987)
Impairments	0	0
Net	34,208	39,012
Total Intangible Assets
Accumulated Amortization	$ (32,791)	$ (27,987)

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Estimated Amortization Expense Related to Definite-Lived Intangible Assets (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2023	$ 9,696
2024	9,698
2025	9,696
2026	9,696
2027	$ 9,696

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Trade payables	$ 182,555	$ 134,494
Accrued salaries and wages	10,911	11,347
Accrued vacation liability	3,093	2,847
Current portion of liability for pension and post-retirement benefits	1,118	1,227
Accrued healthcare liability	1,492	1,619
Accrued property taxes and sales taxes	4,287	4,625
Current portion of derivative liability	2,312	0
Other accrued liabilities	10,471	11,511
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	$ 216,239	$ 167,670

Debt - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Line of Credit Facility
Less: Unamortized original issue discount	$ (2,035)	$ (3,350)
Less: Unamortized debt issuance cost	(8,922)	(15,200)
Finance leases	3,260	3,546
Total debt	1,056,993	1,211,420
Less: current portion	(19,535)	(18,285)
Total long-term portion of debt	1,037,458	1,193,135
Notes Payable \| Insurance financing notes payable
Line of Credit Facility
Insurance financing notes payable	$ 5,628	$ 4,424
Revolving Credit Facility \| Revolver expiring May 1, 2023 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 4.13% at December 31, 2021)
Line of Credit Facility
Credit facility, interest rate	8.44%	4.13%
Long-term debt	$ 0	$ 0
Senior Secured Credit Facility \| Term Loan facility—final maturity May 1, 2025 (8.44% at December 31, 2022 and 5.00% December 31, 2021)
Line of Credit Facility
Credit facility, interest rate	8.44%	5.00%
Long-term debt	$ 1,059,062	$ 1,222,000

Debt - Narrative (Details)		3 Months Ended				12 Months Ended
Debt - Narrative (Details)	May 01, 2018 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) payment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) payment
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issuance amortization						$ 4,815,000	$ 5,059,000	$ 5,131,000
Insurance financing notes payable \| Notes Payable
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt stated interest rate				6.00%
Debt term				9 months
Notes payable balance		$ 5,628,000				5,628,000	$ 4,424,000
Senior Secured Credit Facility \| Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Credit facility consolidated total net leverage ratio	3.75
Senior Secured Credit Facility \| Revolver
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Net leverage ratio, credit facility threshold percentage	30.00%
Revolving Credit Facility \| Revolver
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Available borrowing base		100,000,000				100,000,000
Amount drawn under credit facility		0				0
Amount available under credit facility		78,500,000				78,500,000
Letter of Credit \| Revolver
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Amount allocated for letters of credit		$ 21,500,000				$ 21,500,000
Current consolidated leverage ratio		2.99				2.99
Current borrowing capacity under credit facility without consent of lenders		$ 30,000,000				$ 30,000,000
Letter of Credit \| Revolver \| Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Current consolidated leverage ratio		3.75				3.75
Senior Secured Credit Facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issued	$ 1,380,000,000
Senior Secured Credit Facility \| Term Loan
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issued	1,280,000,000
Debt repurchased		$ 50,000,000	$ 100,000,000			$ 50,000,000
Debt redemption price percentage		96.25%	97.00%
Debt issuance amortization		$ 600,000	$ 1,200,000
Gain on extinguishment of debt		$ 1,200,000	$ 1,700,000
Senior Secured Credit Facility \| Revolving Credit Facility \| Revolver
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Available borrowing base	100,000,000
Capitalized debt issuance costs	$ 38,700,000
Notes Payable \| Note Payable Secured by Royalty Interest
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of debt settlement payments \| payment					1			1
Debt settlement					$ 2,550,000
Accrued royalties					0			$ 0
Gain on extinguishment of debt					$ 8,300,000

Debt - Contractual Maturities of Senior Secured Credit Facility (Details) - Senior Secured Credit Facility - Term Loan - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2023	$ 12,800
2024	12,800
2025	1,033,462
2026	0
2027	0
Thereafter	0
Total	$ 1,059,062	$ 1,222,000

Asset Retirement Obligations - Schedule of Changes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Asset Retirement Obligation, Roll Forward Analysis [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 32,049	$ 24,717
Accretion	1,498	1,450
Additions and revisions of estimates	(12,753)	5,882
Payments	(62)	0
Ending balance	$ 20,732	$ 32,049

Derivative Instruments - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Derivative Instruments - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Interest rate cap agreement \| Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair value of derivatives	$ 3,100,000
Interest rate cap agreement \| Accounts payables and accrued liabilities \| Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair value of derivatives	2,300,000
Interest rate cap agreement \| Other long-term obligations \| Cash Flow Hedges
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair value of derivatives	800,000
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Ineffectiveness of derivatives	$ 0

Derivative Instruments - Estimated Fair Values of Derivative Instruments (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) MMBTU	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu) \| MMBTU	1,200,000
Contract/Notional Amount		$ 0
Carrying Amount	$ (1,887)	0
Fair Value	$ (1,887)	0
Natural Gas - W. Texas (WAHA) - Inside FERC
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu) \| MMBTU	870,000
Contract/Notional Amount		0
Carrying Amount	$ (656)	0
Fair Value	$ (656)	0
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu) \| MMBTU	300,000
Contract/Notional Amount		0
Carrying Amount	$ (425)	0
Fair Value	$ (425)	0
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu) \| MMBTU	120,000
Contract/Notional Amount		0
Carrying Amount	$ (85)	0
Fair Value	$ (85)	0
Natural Gas - Henry Hub - NYMEX
Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)
Contract/Notional Amount (MMBtu) \| MMBTU	90,000
Contract/Notional Amount		0
Carrying Amount	$ (35)	0
Fair Value	$ (35)	$ 0

Derivative Instruments - Effect of Derivatives Instruments on Combined Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	$ 614,083	$ 626,791	$ 716,580
(Loss) gain recognized in OCI from derivative instruments	(2,015)
Ending Balance	704,694	614,083	626,791
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges
AOCI Including Portion Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest, Net of Tax [Roll Forward]
Beginning Balance	0	0	(3,053)
(Loss) gain recognized in OCI from derivative instruments	(2,342)	0	3,053
Ending Balance	$ (2,342)	$ 0	$ 0

- Definition

+ References

+ Details

Equity-Based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	0	0	0
Unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	728,357	881,261	1,590,170
Recognized equity-based compensation	$ 6,800,000	$ 7,300,000	$ 8,100,000
Unrecognized compensation expense related to awards	$ 8,200,000
Recognized weighted-average period	1 year 9 months 18 days
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
Granted (dollars per share)	$ 10.74
Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units to be Settled in Cash
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Recognized equity-based compensation	$ 900,000	$ 900,000	$ 600,000
Unrecognized compensation expense related to awards	$ 100,000
Recognized weighted-average period	1 month 6 days
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments		3 years
Performance Share Units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Granted (in shares)	920,681	886,091	1,020,161
Recognized equity-based compensation	$ 11,500,000	$ 11,500,000	$ 6,800,000
Unrecognized compensation expense related to awards	$ 8,700,000
Recognized weighted-average period	1 year 8 months 12 days
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
Granted (dollars per share)	$ 11.79	$ 12.04	$ 6.57
Performance Shares to be Settled in Cash
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Recognized equity-based compensation	$ 1,100,000	$ 700,000	$ 900,000
Unrecognized compensation expense related to awards	$ 100,000
Recognized weighted-average period	1 month 6 days
Vesting period for awards of equity instruments	3 years
2011 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock that may be issued (in shares)	2,649,220

Equity-Based Compensation - Stock Options Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Shares
Outstanding balance at the beginning (in shares)	666,718
Granted (in shares)	0	0	0
Exercised (in shares)	(90,000)	(10,164)	0
Forfeited (in shares)	0
Expired (in shares)	(68,195)
Outstanding balance at the end (in shares)	508,523	666,718
Exercisable (in shares)	508,523
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding balance at the beginning (in dollars per share)	$ 30.84
Granted (in dollars per share)	0
Exercised (in dollars per share)	10.61
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	0
Expired (in dollars per share)	17.46
Outstanding balance at the end (in dollars per share)	36.22	$ 30.84
Exercisable (in dollars per share)	$ 36.22
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	$ 0
Exercised	613	$ 44	$ 0
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	0	$ 0
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	$ 0
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years
Outstanding at the beginning, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years	2 years	2 years 4 months 24 days
Outstanding at the end, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years	2 years	2 years 4 months 24 days
Exercisable, Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term in Years	2 years

Equity-Based Compensation - stock option exercise activity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Stock options exercised (in shares)	90,000	10,164	0
Intrinsic value of options exercised	$ 613	$ 44	$ 0
Cash received from options exercised	955	105	0
Tax benefit realized from stock options exercised	$ 148	$ 11	$ 0

Equity-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units Activity (Details) - Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Shares
Unvested balance at the beginning (in shares)	1,144,310
Granted (in shares)	728,357	881,261	1,590,170
Vested (in shares)	(401,555)
Forfeited (in shares)	(32,726)
Unvested balance at the ending (in shares)	1,438,386	1,144,310
Grant Date Weighted Average Fair Value
Unvested balance at the beginning (in dollars per share)	$ 8.37
Granted (dollars per share)	10.74
Vested (in dollars per share)	8.97
Forfeited (in dollars per share)	9.82
Unvested balance at the end (in dollars per share)	$ 9.37	$ 8.37

Equity-Based Compensation - Performance Share Unit Activity (Details) - Performance Share Units - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Shares
Unvested balance at the beginning (in shares)	1,914,589
Granted (in shares)	920,681	886,091	1,020,161
Vested (in shares)	(497,401)
Forfeited/Canceled (in shares)	(45,118)
Unvested balance at the ending (in shares)	2,292,751	1,914,589
Weighted Average
Unvested balance at the beginning (in dollars per share)	$ 9.77
Granted (dollars per share)	11.79	$ 12.04	$ 6.57
Vested (in dollars per share)	14.56
Forfeited/Canceled (in dollars per share)	11.30
Unvested balance at the end (in dollars per share)	$ 9.51	$ 9.77

Commitments and Contingencies - Future Minimum Annual Commitments (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Minimum Purchase Commitments
2023	$ 10,606
2024	4,295
2025	2,886
2026	2,180
2027	1,880
Thereafter	7,484
Total future purchase commitments	$ 29,331

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)		12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details)	May 17, 2017 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) claim	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) claim	Dec. 31, 2020 claim
Loss Contingencies
Purchased reserves	$ 94,400,000
Surety Bonds
Loss Contingencies
Surety bonds outstanding		$ 42,600,000
Reclamation Bonds
Loss Contingencies
Surety bonds outstanding		38,600,000
Other non-current assets
Loss Contingencies
Third party products claims liability under insurance in other long-term obligations		0	$ 0
Other long-term obligations
Loss Contingencies
Third party products claims liability under insurance in other long-term obligations		$ 800,000	$ 900,000
Pending Litigation
Loss Contingencies
Number of new claims filed \| claim		0	2	1
Number of pending claims \| claim		42

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Net Pension Benefit Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Pension Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Service cost	$ 2,516	$ 2,855	$ 2,253
Interest cost	3,120	2,619	4,037
Expected return on plan assets	(5,887)	(5,688)	(6,019)
Net amortization and deferral	2,249	3,212	3,127
Net pension benefit or post-retirement costs	1,998	2,998	3,398
Post-retirement Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Service cost	18	24	70
Interest cost	180	141	584
Unrecognized net (gain)/loss	(2,360)	(2,204)	0
Net pension benefit or post-retirement costs	$ (2,162)	$ (2,039)	$ 654

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Changes in Benefit Obligations and Plan Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at January 1,	$ 120,911
Fair value of plan assets at December 31,	88,919	$ 120,911
Pension Benefits
Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation at January 1,	144,251	157,198
Service cost	2,516	2,855	$ 2,253
Interest cost	3,120	2,619	4,037
Actuarial (gain) loss	(28,494)	(6,637)
Benefits paid	(9,486)	(9,551)
Other	340	(2,233)
Benefit obligation at December 31,	112,247	144,251	157,198
Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at January 1,	120,911	120,563
Actual return on plan assets	(22,507)	7,099
Employer contributions	0	2,800
Benefits paid	(9,486)	(9,551)
Other	1	0
Fair value of plan assets at December 31,	88,919	120,911	120,563
Plan assets less than benefit obligations at December 31 recognized as liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	(23,328)	(23,340)
Post-retirement Benefits
Benefit Obligation
Benefit obligation at January 1,	9,391	11,318
Service cost	18	24	70
Interest cost	180	141	584
Actuarial (gain) loss	(1,566)	(3,193)
Benefits paid	(504)	(680)
Other	58	1,781
Benefit obligation at December 31,	7,577	9,391	11,318
Plan Assets
Fair value of plan assets at January 1,	0	0
Actual return on plan assets	0	0
Employer contributions	446	579
Benefits paid	(504)	(680)
Other	58	101
Fair value of plan assets at December 31,	0	0	$ 0
Plan assets less than benefit obligations at December 31 recognized as liability for pension and other post-retirement benefits	$ (7,577)	$ (9,391)

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) plan	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Projected benefit obligation, nonqualified pension plan	$ 1.2	$ 1.5
Defined benefit plan, pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, aggregate accumulated benefit obligation	1.2	1.5
Fair value of plan assets, nonqualified pension plan	0.0	0.0
Defined benefit plan, accumulated other comprehensive income net gains (losses), after tax	6.5	10.2
Total amounts in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	$ 5.4	$ 7.8
Number of multiemployer defined benefit plans \| plan	3
Percentage of contributions to individual multiemployer funds	5.00%	5.00%	5.00%
Company contributions to defined contribution plan	$ 6.9	$ 5.9	$ 4.4
Certain Employees
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Company contribution over defined benefit plan	4.00%
All Eligible Employees
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Company contribution over defined benefit plan	6.00%
Pension Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Accumulated benefit obligation	$ 112.2	$ 144.3
Expected contributions to the plans for next fiscal year	0.0
Post-retirement Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Expected contributions to the plans for next fiscal year	$ 1.0

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Estimated Future Pension and Post-Retirement Benefit Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Pension Benefits
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment [Abstract]
2023	$ 9,489
2024	9,466
2025	9,323
2026	9,250
2027	9,072
2028-2032	42,390
Post-retirement Benefits \| Before Medicare Subsidy
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment [Abstract]
2023	996
2024	942
2025	844
2026	791
2027	729
2028-2032	2,715
Post-retirement Benefits \| After Medicare Subsidy
Defined Benefit Plan, Expected Future Benefit Payment [Abstract]
2023	996
2024	942
2025	844
2026	791
2027	729
2028-2032	$ 2,715

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Weighted-Average Assumptions Used (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pension Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Discount rate	5.20%	2.80%
Long-term rate of return on plan assets	6.00%	5.80%
Post-retirement Benefits
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Discount rate	5.10%	2.60%
Post-retirement Benefits \| Pre-65
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Initial rate	6.80%	6.20%
Ultimate rate	4.50%	4.50%

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Investment Categories and Their Relative Percentage of Fair Value to Total Plan Assets (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pension Benefits \| Equity securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	54.30%	51.60%
Pension Benefits \| Debt securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	44.20%	46.10%
Pension Benefits \| Cash
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	1.50%	2.30%
Post-retirement Benefits \| Equity securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	0.00%	0.00%
Post-retirement Benefits \| Debt securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	0.00%	0.00%
Post-retirement Benefits \| Cash
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Percentage of the fair value of the total plan assets	0.00%	0.00%

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Fair Value of Pension Plan Assets, by Asset Category (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	$ 88,919	$ 120,911
Cash and cash equivalents
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	1,362	2,743
Diversified emerging markets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	4,221	6,375
Foreign large blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	16,740	21,719
Large-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	15,464	22,907
Mid-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	7,720	11,411
Real estate
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	4,144	0
Corporate notes and bonds
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	27,892	35,365
U.S. Treasuries
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	5,223	6,915
Mortgage-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	3,000	2,242
Asset-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	3,153	1,739
Real Assets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets		9,495
Level 1
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	81,404	104,692
Level 1 \| Cash and cash equivalents
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 1 \| Diversified emerging markets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	4,221	6,375
Level 1 \| Foreign large blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	16,740	21,719
Level 1 \| Large-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	15,464	22,907
Level 1 \| Mid-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	7,720	11,411
Level 1 \| Real estate
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	4,144	0
Level 1 \| Corporate notes and bonds
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	27,892	35,365
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasuries
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	5,223	6,915
Level 1 \| Mortgage-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 1 \| Asset-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 1 \| Real Assets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets		0
Level 2
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	7,515	16,219
Level 2 \| Cash and cash equivalents
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	1,362	2,743
Level 2 \| Diversified emerging markets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Foreign large blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Large-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Mid-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Real estate
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Corporate notes and bonds
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| U.S. Treasuries
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 2 \| Mortgage-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	3,000	2,242
Level 2 \| Asset-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	3,153	1,739
Level 2 \| Real Assets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets		9,495
Level 3
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Cash and cash equivalents
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Diversified emerging markets
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Foreign large blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Large-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Mid-cap blend
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Real estate
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Corporate notes and bonds
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| U.S. Treasuries
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Mortgage-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	0	0
Level 3 \| Asset-backed securities
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Fair value of pension plan assets	$ 0	$ 0

Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits - Summary of Multiemployer Pension Plan (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
LIUNA
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
EIN/ Pension Plan No.	52-6074345/001
Company Contributions (in thousands)	$ 395	$ 378	$ 361
Expiration Date of CBA	Jun. 07, 2025
IUOE
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
EIN/ Pension Plan No.	36-6052390/001
Company Contributions (in thousands)	$ 376	328	256
Expiration Date of CBA	Aug. 01, 2027
CSSS
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
EIN/ Pension Plan No.	36-6044243/001
Company Contributions (in thousands)	$ 51	$ 51	$ 51
Central States, Southeast and Southwest Areas Pension Plan
Pension Plans, Postretirement and Other Employee Benefits
Withdrawal liability from pension plan	1,000
Withdrawal liability paid in monthly installments	$ 4

Leases - Narrative (Details)	12 Months Ended
Leases - Narrative (Details)	Dec. 31, 2022
Minimum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining term of lease contracts	1 year
Maximum
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Remaining term of lease contracts	20 years

Leases - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible Enumeration]	Total leased assets	Total leased assets
Finance Lease, Right-of-Use Asset, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Total leased assets	Total leased assets
Finance Lease, Liability, Current, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Current portion of long-term debt	Current portion of long-term debt
Finance Lease, Liability, Noncurrent, Statement of Financial Position [Extensible List]	Long-term debt, net	Long-term debt, net
Assets
Operating	$ 39,088	$ 38,793
Finance	3,286	3,448
Total leased assets	42,374	42,241
Current
Operating	19,773	14,469
Finance	1,107	1,061
Non-Current
Operating	64,478	75,130
Finance	2,153	2,485
Total lease liabilities	$ 87,511	$ 93,145
Weighted average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	6 years 4 months 24 days	6 years 10 months 24 days
Finance leases	4 years 4 months 24 days	3 years 7 months 6 days
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	5.70%	5.70%
Finance leases	5.10%	5.10%

Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Total lease costs	$ 40,217	$ 35,065
Finance lease expense	1,500	800
Cost of Sales
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease costs	38,576	33,185
Short-term operating lease costs	23,500	17,900
Selling, general, and administrative
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Operating lease costs	1,641	1,880
Short-term operating lease costs	$ 500	$ 400

Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$ 22,410	$ 24,451
Financing cash flows for finance leases	1,576	759
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities:
Operating leases	14,744	17,350
Finance leases	$ 2,536	$ 3,815

Leases - Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Operating leases
2023	$ 24,707
2024	20,230
2025	14,725
2026	11,812
2027	8,281
Thereafter	23,701
Total lease payments	103,456
Less: Interest	16,715
Less: Other operating expenses	2,490
Total	84,251
Finance leases
2023	1,249
2024	1,123
2025	842
2026	271
2027	33
Thereafter	0
Total lease payments	3,518
Less: Interest	258
Less: Other operating expenses	0
Total	$ 3,260	$ 3,546

Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Income Taxes - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
General business credits			$ 1,047	$ 4,188
Unrecognized tax benefits		$ 0	856	856	$ 0	$ 0
Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax penalties			500	400	0
Unrecognized tax benefits, income tax penalties and interest accrued		0	100	$ 400	0
Federal
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Net operating loss carryforwards			215,800
COVID 19
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Income tax refunds received					36,600
Refundable NOL credit under CARES Act		26,300	$ 300		26,300
Refunds received from NOL credits under CARES Act	$ 21,100	$ 4,900
Deferred tax benefit recorded under CARES Act					$ 22,300

Income Taxes - Income Before Income Tax (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
United States	$ 87,686	$ (48,328)	$ (183,656)
Foreign	16,313	11,252	8,509
Total	$ 103,999	$ (37,076)	$ (175,147)

Income Taxes - Income Tax Benefit (Expense) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current:
Federal	$ (1,650)	$ 0	$ 0
State	(3,078)	(3,353)	(307)
Foreign	(491)	(1,385)	(1,473)
Current income tax (expense) benefit	(5,219)	(4,738)	(1,780)
Deferred:
Federal	(17,881)	7,589	57,214
State	(3,059)	(96)	4,591
Foreign	0	0	0
Deferred income tax (expense) benefit	(20,940)	7,493	61,805
Income tax (expense) benefit	$ (26,159)	$ 2,755	$ 60,025

Income Taxes - Effective Income Tax Rate on Pretax Earnings (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax (expense) benefit computed at U.S. federal statutory rate	$ (21,838)	$ 7,786	$ 36,781
Decrease (increase) resulting from:
Statutory depletion	2,963	2,012	1,230
Prior year tax return reconciliation	(1,564)	(2,490)	(2,084)
State income taxes, net of federal benefit	(4,003)	445	5,013
Impact of international operations	(830)	(380)	(795)
Unrecognized tax benefits	(89)	(1,302)	0
Adjustment to deferred taxes from the CARES Act	0	0	22,318
Equity compensation	(195)	(627)	(1,477)
Executive compensation	(300)	(2,092)	(579)
Other, net	(303)	(597)	(382)
Income tax (expense) benefit	$ (26,159)	$ 2,755	$ 60,025

Income Taxes - Tax Effects on Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Gross deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forward and state tax credits	$ 54,638	$ 77,327
Pension and post-retirement benefit costs	6,789	7,318
Property, plant and equipment	5,935	8,619
Accrued expenses	18,232	14,930
Inventories	0	1,200
Federal tax credits	1,047	4,188
Stock-based compensation expense	6,374	4,359
Interest expense limitation	19,826	16,921
Intangibles	6,366	7,876
Lease obligation liability	11,393	13,297
Other	5,886	4,399
Total deferred tax assets	136,486	160,434
Gross deferred tax liabilities:
Land and mineral property basis difference	(124,669)	(121,211)
Fixed assets and depreciation	(74,714)	(83,708)
Inventories	(1,170)	0
Other	(569)	(289)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(201,122)	(205,208)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$ (64,636)	$ (44,774)

Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits, Excluding Amounts Pertaining to Examined Tax Returns [Roll Forward]
Balance as of January 1	$ 856	$ 0	$ 0
Additions for tax positions of prior years	0	856	0
Balance as of December 31	$ 856	$ 856	$ 0

Revenue - Sales by Major Source (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	$ 1,525,147	$ 1,103,879	$ 845,885
Oil & Gas Proppants
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	961,667	615,448
Industrial & Specialty Products
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	563,480	488,431
Product
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	1,139,773	896,203	732,187
Product \| Oil & Gas Proppants
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	576,293	407,772
Product \| Industrial & Specialty Products
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	563,480	488,431
Service
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	385,374	207,676	$ 113,698
Service \| Oil & Gas Proppants
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	385,374	207,676
Service \| Industrial & Specialty Products
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total Sales	$ 0	$ 0

- Definition

Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 30
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8906-108599

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 40
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9031-108599

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 41
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9038-108599

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 4
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130543-203045

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8736-108599

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8736-108599

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 42
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e9054-108599

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 5
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126920106&loc=SL49130545-203045

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 924
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.L)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6472922&loc=d3e499488-122856

+ Details

Revenue - Changes in Contract Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Unbilled Receivables
Beginning Balance	$ 1,957	$ 47,982
Reclassifications to billed receivables	(4,457)	(105,305)
Revenues recognized in excess of period billings	2,500	59,280
Ending Balance	0	1,957
Deferred Revenue
Beginning Balance	20,741	33,692
Revenues recognized from balances held at the beginning of the period	(3,905)	(13,172)
Revenues deferred from period collections on unfulfilled performance obligations	27,398	5,207
Revenues recognized from period collections	(13,482)	(4,986)
Ending Balance	$ 30,752	$ 20,741

Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Recognized revenue as variable consideration from shortfall penalties according to contract terms from shortfall penalties		$ 1,100	$ 49,700
Total sales		1,525,147	1,103,879	$ 845,885
Assets		$ 2,214,580	2,219,600
One Customer \| Supply Commitment
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 49,000
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining duration period of expected satisfaction of performance obligations		1 year
Foreign Operations
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales		$ 112,753	96,317	$ 86,179
Assets		$ 33,400	$ 30,700
Minimum \| Supply Agreement
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, average initial contract term		1 year
Maximum \| Supply Agreement
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Deferred revenue, average initial contract term		15 years

Revenue - Foreign Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 1,525,147	$ 1,103,879	$ 845,885
Pre-tax income	103,999	(37,076)	(175,147)
Net income	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Foreign Operations
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total sales	112,753	96,317	86,179
Pre-tax income	16,313	11,252	8,509
Net income	$ 12,887	$ 8,889	$ 6,722

- Definition

Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (c)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 30
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8906-108599

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (f)
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8933-108599

Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 940
-SubTopic 20
-Section 25
-Paragraph 1
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126941158&loc=d3e41242-110953

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 22
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8736-108599

Reference 6: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 220
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SX 210.5-03(10))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126953954&loc=SL114868664-224227

Reference 7: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 944
-SubTopic 220
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.7-04(8))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120400993&loc=SL114874131-224263

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 942
-SubTopic 235
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.9-05(b)(2))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120399901&loc=d3e537907-122884

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 31
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126901519&loc=d3e8924-108599

Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 942
-SubTopic 220
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.9-04(15))
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120399700&loc=SL114874048-224260

+ Details

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Officer \| Transportation Brokerage and Logistics Services Vendor
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Related party transactions	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Segment Reporting - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) Segment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) product	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information
Number of reportable segments	2	2
Number of product types \| product			600
Goodwill	$ 185,649	$ 185,649	$ 185,649	$ 185,649	$ 185,649
Oil & Gas Proppants
Segment Reporting Information
Goodwill	0	0	0	0	0
Industrial & Specialty Products
Segment Reporting Information
Goodwill	185,649	185,649	185,649	185,649	$ 185,649
Operating Segments \| Oil & Gas Proppants
Segment Reporting Information
Goodwill	0	0	0	0
Operating Segments \| Industrial & Specialty Products
Segment Reporting Information
Goodwill	$ 185,600	$ 185,600	$ 185,600	$ 185,600

- Definition

+ References + Details

Segment Reporting - Sales and Segment Contribution Margin for Reporting Segments and Other Operating Results (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	$ 1,525,147	$ 1,103,879	$ 845,885
Selling, general and administrative	(143,838)	(119,628)	(124,171)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(140,166)	(161,131)	(155,568)
Goodwill and other asset impairments	0	(202)	(110,688)
Interest expense	(77,598)	(71,157)	(79,885)
Other income, net, including interest income	10,643	6,146	24,350
Income tax (expense) benefit	(26,159)	2,755	60,025
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	1,525,147	1,103,879	845,885
Total segment contribution margin	472,117	328,551	301,217
Segment Reconciling Items
Segment Reporting Information
Operating activities excluded from segment cost of sales	(17,159)	(19,655)	(30,402)
Selling, general and administrative	(143,838)	(119,628)	(124,171)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	(140,166)	(161,131)	(155,568)
Goodwill and other asset impairments	0	(202)	(110,688)
Interest expense	(77,598)	(71,157)	(79,885)
Other income, net, including interest income	10,643	6,146	24,350
Oil & Gas Proppants
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	961,667	615,448
Oil & Gas Proppants \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	961,667	615,448	414,897
Total segment contribution margin	301,837	160,052	142,041
Industrial & Specialty Products
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	563,480	488,431
Industrial & Specialty Products \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information
Total sales	563,480	488,431	430,988
Total segment contribution margin	$ 170,280	$ 168,499	$ 159,176

Parent Company Financials - Condensed Balance Sheets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 280,845	$ 239,425
Total current assets	657,284	575,915
Total assets	2,214,580	2,219,600
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	216,239	167,670
Total current liabilities	271,950	205,871
Total liabilities	1,509,886	1,605,517
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock	0	0
Common stock	854	845
Additional paid-in capital	1,234,834	1,218,575
Retained deficit	(351,084)	(429,260)
Treasury stock, at cost	(186,196)	(186,294)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,723)	349
Total U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. stockholders’ equity	696,685	604,215
Non-controlling interest	8,009	9,868
Total stockholders' equity	704,694	614,083	$ 626,791	$ 716,580
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	2,214,580	2,219,600
Parent Company
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	48,398	46,996
Other receivables	275	0
Due from affiliates	160,315	165,632
Total current assets	208,988	212,628
Investment in subsidiaries	495,776	401,691
Total assets	704,764	614,319
Current Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	50	50
Dividends payable	20	186
Total current liabilities	70	236
Total liabilities	70	236
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock	0	0
Common stock	854	845
Additional paid-in capital	1,234,834	1,218,575
Retained deficit	(351,084)	(429,260)
Treasury stock, at cost	(186,196)	(186,294)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(1,723)	349
Total U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc. stockholders’ equity	696,685	604,215
Non-controlling interest	8,009	9,868
Total stockholders' equity	704,694	614,083	$ 626,791	$ 716,580
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 704,764	$ 614,319

Parent Company Financials - Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Condensed Income Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 1,525,147	$ 1,103,879	$ 845,885
Cost of sales	1,070,189	794,983	575,070
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative	143,838	119,628	124,171
Total operating expenses	284,004	280,961	390,427
Operating income (loss)	170,954	27,935	(119,612)
Other income (expense)
Total other expense	(66,955)	(65,011)	(55,535)
Income tax benefit (expense)	(26,159)	2,755	60,025
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (net of tax of $(746), $0, and $973 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively)	(2,342)	0	3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment (net of tax of $(269), $(309), and $444 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustments (net of tax of $355, $3,131, and $2,207 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	1,115	9,828	6,931
Comprehensive income (loss)	75,768	(25,493)	(103,747)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	76,104	(24,933)	(102,719)
Tax expense (benefit) on unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(746)	0	973
Tax expense (benefit) on foreign currency translation adjustment	(269)	(309)	444
Tax (expense) benefit on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustment	355	3,131	2,207
Parent Company
Condensed Income Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Total sales	0	0	0
Cost of sales	0	0	0
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative	253	252	253
Total operating expenses	253	252	253
Operating income (loss)	(253)	(252)	(253)
Other income (expense)
Interest income	565	5	210
Total other expense	565	5	210
Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312	(247)	(43)
Income tax benefit (expense)	0	0	0
Income (loss) before equity in net earnings of subsidiaries	312	(247)	(43)
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries, net of tax	77,528	(34,074)	(115,079)
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Less: Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Net income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
Unrealized (loss) gain on derivatives (net of tax of $(746), $0, and $973 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively)	(2,342)	0	3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment (net of tax of $(269), $(309), and $444 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustments (net of tax of $355, $3,131, and $2,207 for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively)	1,115	9,828	6,931
Comprehensive income (loss)	75,768	(25,493)	(103,747)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interest	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to U.S. Silica Holdings, Inc.	76,104	(24,933)	(102,719)
Tax expense (benefit) on unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(746)	0	973
Tax expense (benefit) on foreign currency translation adjustment	(269)	(309)	444
Tax (expense) benefit on pension and other post-retirement benefits liability adjustment	$ 355	$ 3,131	$ 2,207

Parent Company Financials - Condensed Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	$ 614,083	$ 626,791	$ 716,580
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)	0	3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Contributions from non-controlling interest			1,196
Distributions to non-controlling interest	1,523	1,103
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	955	105
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
Ending Balance	$ 704,694	$ 614,083	$ 626,791
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0.02
Total U.S. Silica Holdings Inc., Stockholders’ Equity
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	$ 604,215	$ 615,260	$ 705,217
Net income (loss)	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	955	105
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
Ending Balance	696,685	604,215	615,260
Common Stock
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	845	827	823
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	9	18	4
Ending Balance	854	845	827
Additional Paid-In Capital
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	1,218,575	1,200,023	1,185,116
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	(2,096)	(239)
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(9)	(18)	(4)
Ending Balance	1,234,834	1,218,575	1,200,023
Retained Deficit - Present
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	(429,260)	(395,496)	(279,956)
Net income (loss)	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Ending Balance	(351,084)	(429,260)	(395,496)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	349	(8,479)	(19,854)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Ending Balance	(1,723)	349	(8,479)
Non-controlling Interest
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	9,868	11,531	11,363
Net income (loss)	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Contributions from non-controlling interest			1,196
Distributions to non-controlling interest	1,523	1,103
Ending Balance	8,009	9,868	11,531
Parent Company
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	614,083	626,791	716,580
Net income (loss)	77,840	(34,321)	(115,122)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)	0	3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Contributions from non-controlling interest		(1,103)
Distributions to non-controlling interest	(1,523)
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	955	105
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
Ending Balance	704,694	614,083	$ 626,791
Dividends declared per share (in dollars per share)			$ 0.02
Parent Company \| Total U.S. Silica Holdings Inc., Stockholders’ Equity
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	604,215	615,260	$ 705,217
Net income (loss)	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	955	105
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
Ending Balance	696,685	604,215	615,260
Parent Company \| Common Stock
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	845	827	823
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	9	18	4
Ending Balance	854	845	827
Parent Company \| Treasury Stock
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	(186,294)	(181,615)	(180,912)
Proceeds from options exercised	3,051	344
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953)	(5,023)	(703)
Ending Balance	(186,196)	(186,294)	(181,615)
Parent Company \| Additional Paid-In Capital
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	1,218,575	1,200,023	1,185,116
Equity-based compensation	18,364	18,809	14,911
Proceeds from options exercised	(2,096)	(239)
Shares withheld for tax payments related to vested restricted stock and stock units	(9)	(18)	(4)
Ending Balance	1,234,834	1,218,575	1,200,023
Parent Company \| Retained Deficit - Present
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	(429,260)	(395,496)	(279,956)
Net income (loss)	78,176	(33,761)	(114,094)
Cash dividend declared	0	(3)	(1,446)
Ending Balance	(351,084)	(429,260)	(395,496)
Parent Company \| Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	349	(8,479)	(19,854)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives	(2,342)		3,053
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(845)	(1,000)	1,391
Pension and post-retirement liability	1,115	9,828	6,931
Ending Balance	(1,723)	349	(8,479)
Parent Company \| Non-controlling Interest
Condensed Stockholders' Equity Statement [Line Items]
Beginning Balance	9,868	11,531	11,363
Net income (loss)	(336)	(560)	(1,028)
Contributions from non-controlling interest		(1,103)
Distributions to non-controlling interest	(1,523)
Ending Balance	$ 8,009	$ 9,868	$ 11,531

Parent Company Financials - Condensed Statements of Cash Flows (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Condensed Cash Flow Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	$ 77,840,000	$ (34,321,000)	$ (115,122,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	67,576,000	48,709,000	(86,734,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	262,716,000	169,347,000	(3,403,000)
Investing activities:
Net cash used in investing activities	(50,953,000)	(29,856,000)	(27,564,000)
Financing activities:
Dividends paid	(164,000)	(26,000)	(6,185,000)
Proceeds from options exercised	955,000	105,000	0
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953,000)	(5,023,000)	(703,000)
Net cash used in financing activities	(170,343,000)	(50,986,000)	(3,853,000)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	239,425,000	150,920,000	185,740,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	280,845,000	239,425,000	150,920,000
Cash received during the period for:
Interest	(71,235,000)	(64,650,000)	(73,695,000)
Cash dividends paid to the parent by its consolidated entities	0	0	0
Parent Company
Condensed Cash Flow Statements, Captions [Line Items]
Net income (loss)	77,840,000	(34,321,000)	(115,122,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Undistributed (income) loss from equity method investment, net	(77,528,000)	34,074,000	115,079,000
Other receivables	(275,000)	0	0
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	0	(236,000)	155,000
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	37,000	(483,000)	112,000
Investing activities:
Investment in subsidiary	0	0	0
Net cash used in investing activities	0	0	0
Financing activities:
Dividends paid	(164,000)	(26,000)	(6,185,000)
Proceeds from options exercised	955,000	105,000	0
Tax payments related to shares withheld for vested restricted stock and stock units	(2,953,000)	(5,023,000)	(703,000)
Distributions to (contributions from) non-controlling interest	(1,523,000)	(1,103,000)	1,196,000
Net financing activities with subsidiaries	5,050,000	6,675,000	582,000
Net cash used in financing activities	1,365,000	628,000	(5,110,000)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	1,402,000	145,000	(4,998,000)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	46,996,000	46,851,000	51,849,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	48,398,000	46,996,000	46,851,000
Cash received during the period for:
Interest	$ (565,000)	$ (17,000)	$ (210,000)

Impairments - Schedule of Impairment Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Disclosure Text Block Supplement [Abstract]
Inventories, net	$ 0	$ 0	$ 6,837
Property, plant and mine development, net	0	164	11,822
Operating lease right-of-use assets	0	0	3,406
Goodwill	0	0	86,100
Intangible assets, net	0	38	2,523
Total	$ 0	$ 202	$ 110,688

Impairments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Impairments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)
Impaired Long-Lived Assets Held and Used [Line Items]
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Indefinite-Lived (Excluding Goodwill), Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Goodwill and other asset impairments
Impairment, Intangible Asset, Finite-Lived, Statement of Income or Comprehensive Income [Extensible Enumeration]	Goodwill and other asset impairments
Industrial & Specialty Products \| Technology and intellectual property
Impaired Long-Lived Assets Held and Used [Line Items]
Impairment of finite-lived intangibles	$ 1.4
Industrial & Specialty Products \| Trade names
Impaired Long-Lived Assets Held and Used [Line Items]
Impairment of indefinite-lived intangibles	$ 1.1